But first, the German soldiers smiling posed against the background of the broken "half-one", which in the summer of 1941, stretched with hundreds of roads - most of the army fleet was lost in the first months of war. From the factories it was required not only to compensate these losses, but also to ensure the front and rear with the necessary number of trucks. Therefore, with the beginning of the war, the design of gas-mm revised based on raw materials and technological requirements - simple car Similarly simply.
The front wings became flat, they were bent on a bending machine, and then welded - this gave savings of deficient stamping steel and accelerated the manufacturing process. Saved steel and on the cockpit: at first it became wooden, and then lost the hard roof at all - it was replaced by a moto awning. Instead of the usual doors, awning "ruts" appeared. All the unnecessary removed - it concerned not only unnecessary on the front of the bumpers, but also the front brakes, side folding sides (the loading was carried out only through the rear), as well as the silencer. All cars were completed only by one, left, headlamp - exactly the same put on tanks and on self-propelled, and on armorAutomotume. Naturally, enterprises - headlamp suppliers worked at the limit of their capabilities and provide trucks with two headlights could no longer.
Almost a million
In 1944, a pre-war configuration was partially returned: doors appeared, and the wooden cabin became wooden-metal and remained such before the end of production, the front brakes were returned to his place, folding side boards and the second headlight. The last gas-mm left the Gorky conveyor on October 10, 1949. But later, he was collected in Ulyanovsk - an acute question about the technique for the restoration of the destroyed country. In total, almost a million trucks released.
Article Published on November 17, 2014 17:47 Last editing made 11/17/2014 18:37The choice of Nizhny Novgorod as a place of construction of a new automobile plant, a giant for the then scale, was not accidental. Alternatively was called Moscow, Leningrad, Yaroslavl, as well as some other cities. Each of these places had certain advantages. But in the complex they were concentrated only in Nizhny Novgorod: There was a fairly developed metalworking industry and qualified personnel, forest and water resources; It was also possible to provide cheap transportation of semi-finished products and finished products. In addition, Nizhny Novgorod was already the major railway node, which besides the merger of two shipping rivers - Volga and Oka.
The initial sketch project of the automobile plant was instructed to perform gyroidise and the "Metallstroy" trust. However, Soviet specialists have not yet had the experience of automotive industry, especially large-scale. Therefore, it was decided to appeal to private firms of the United States, where on May 31, 1929 and left the government commission.
The choice fell on Ford. He was also not accidental. At that time, the car world did not exist in the figure more famous than Henry Ford, whose plants produced in 1922 each second car on the planet.
As basic models For the production at the new plant, the Ford-A passenger car was identified and a semi-trial truck Ford Aa, by that time already famous in different countries And proven themselves well. Wait for the entry into force of the main plant did not become. In ten kilometers from Nizhny, in Canvin, a building conveyor was installed at the Bead Board. According to the Treaty with Ford from the United States through Murmansk there came nodes and details. On February 1, 1930, the first 10 Ford-Aa trucks mounted in the car assembly workshop, and at the end of 1931 they settled the release of three-way "Ford Timken". But came the solemn day on January 29, 1932. Under the factory siren beep from the conveyor, the first freight car Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant Naz-AA. By the end of the year, the plant released daily for 60 trucks and mastered the production of passenger cars GAZ-A. Yes, yes, already gas, and not called, since in October 1932, Nizhny Novgorod renamed bitter. Changed the name and automobile factory.
With all its simplicity, the car was technically quite perfect. It was installed four cylinder engine Working volume of 3285 cubic meters. cm, which at 2600 rpm developed a capacity of 42 liters. with. It was the same engine that was put on the passenger gas-a. It has passed its power to the lead axis through one-piece dry friction grip and a four-step transmission.
The wheel suspension was dependent. The front wheels were suspended on one transversely located semi-elliptical spring with pushing rods, which passed the load on the frame. The rear was kept on two longitudinal cantilever springs at all without any shock absorbers. The design feature was the rear suspension and transmission device, where it was used as longitudinal traction. cardan Val.who defeated in the bronze sleeve.
The working brake had a mechanical drive. Due to the extremely low degree of compression, which made only 4.25, low-fuel gasoline was used as fuel, which was very important in those years. The fact is that the high-octane fuel Soviet industry has not released, and even aircraft flew on gasoline with octane number in 70 units. "Onespora" could ride on the tractor ligroine, and on the luminary kerosene. The gasoline tank was installed before the front wall of the cab. Fuel from it came to the carburetor signed. Fuel stroke was 215 km. Car load capacity with its own mass in a curbal state of 1810 kg was equal to one and a half tons. From here and his nickname "half-hour". Despite this, the "half-timers" was almost always operated with significant overload and often transported up to three tons. Low resource was the scarce starter with a battery - rarely on which machine they served over six months. Therefore, in real exploitation, the car started the "curved starter", that is, a crown handle.
Fully from the Soviet components GAZ-AA was collected since 1933. Until 1934, he was equipped with a cabin made of wood and pressed cardboard. Since 1934, he received a metal cabin with a dermal roof. In 1938, the truck was modernized and received a 50-strong gas-mm motor - exactly such that was put on the passenger "EMCU" of GAZ-M1. However, there were no external differences between Gas-AA and GAZ-MM. After the start of the Great Patriotic War due to a lack of thin cold-rolled steel and a number of components that were supplied by third-party enterprises, the gas was forced to switch to the release of a simplified military truck Gas MMV, whose doors were replaced by triangular side fence and foldable tarpaulin doors, the wings were made of The roofing iron method is simple flexible, there were no brakes on the front wheels, only one headlight headlight and non-tidy side sides were left. A special deficit was tires that differed in low-cost tires, so during the war, the two-weeks often went from the conveyor only with two rear wheels, that is, with a single Oshinovka of the rear axle, which, accordingly, reduced the lifting capacity.
It is for the period of the Patriotic War and accounts for the brightest page of the Biographies "Onesporks". Many now scold this car, considering it technically backward compared to cars used in the German army. However, all the shortcomings of the "half-timer" with the beginning of the war turned into its dignity. The fact is that, used by the Nazis production cars in Germany, France, Italy, Czechoslovakia and Austria were not adapted to work in winter conditions, there were insufficient permeability, were very difficult in repair and maintenance, and a large variety of their models made greatly supplied with spare parts, Training of personnel and repair. Cars of the Red Army were deprived of these shortcomings. In addition, simple design and high reliability greatly simplified their operation and maintenance.
Gas-AA technical characteristics:
| Engine | petrol, carburetor, 4-stroke, nipped |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Working volume, cm3 | 3285 |
| Max. Power, hp / rpm / min. | 40/2200 |
| Max. Torque, kgf * m (nm) | 15,5 (152) |
| Drive unit | rear |
| Transmission | mechanical, 4-speed, not synchronized |
| Front suspension | dependent, on a transversely located semi-elliptical spring with pushing rods |
| Rear suspension | dependent on two longitudinal cantilever springs, without shock absorbers |
| Front brakes | drum |
| Rear brakes | drum |
| Maximum speed, km / h | 70 |
| Acceleration time 0-100 km / h, p. | - |
| Dimensions, mm. | . |
| length | 5335 |
| width | 2040 |
| height | 1970 |
| wheelbase | 3340 |
| ground clearance | 200 |
| Curb weight, kg | 1810 |
| Tires, inches | 6.50 – 20 |
| Load capacity, kg. | 1500 |
| Fuel consumption, l / 100 km | Mixed cycle 20.5. |
| Fuel tank capacity, l | 40 |
Basic modifications based on gas-aa and gas-mm:
Sixcotons (three-axle with a wheel formula 6 × 4) cargo car increased passibility, Availability of 2.0 tons. Created on the basis of the Ford-Timken license truck of the 1931 sample. Years of release: 1934-1943. In 1937, he received a more powerful 50-strong engine and other components from gas-mm. The overall release until 1943 amounted to 37373 units. On the basis of GAZ-AAA, the GAZ-05-193 staff bus (1936-1945), as well as serial armored cars Ba-6 (1936-1938, 394), BA-10A (1938-1939) and BA-10M (1938-1939) 1939-1941, Total 3331 units.). In the late 1930s, armored vehicles developed by the GAZ-AAA chassis were rearranged by the armored cars of the early series, thus the BA-27M armored vehicles (1937-1938), BAI-M and BAI-3M (1939-1940) were obtained. In addition, experienced BA-6 M and BA-9 were created; Experienced floating armored vehicles PB-4 (1933-1934, 6 units) and PB-7 (1936/37, 1 units). A combat chemical machine BCHM-1 (1935-1937) was produced, an experienced sanitary armored personnel carrier Ba-22 on 10 wounded (1937) was created. BA-10 - In the autumn of 1941 - in the spring of 1942, the residual batch of Brononorpus BA-10M, remaining at the Izhora factory, was put on a two-axle gas chassis. The data of the armored car came only to the Leningrad Front.
GAZ-410. - Dump truck on the chassis of gas-aa and gas-mm, the carrying capacity of 1.2 tons, the body all-metal self-loading type. Years of release: 1934-1946.
GAZ-42. - gas generator modification used as a fuel wooden chocks. Engine power 35-38 hp, Passport lifting capacity - 1.0 tons (real less, since a significant part of a shortened platform occupied 150-200 kilogram reserve chumps). Years of release: 1938-1950.
GAZ-43. - gas generator version on the corner. Different with smaller gas generator installation dimensions. Produced by small batches in 1938-1941.
GAZ-44. - gas-challennial version on a compressed (compressed) gas. Gas cylinders were located under the cargo platform. Majala Party was released in 1939 on cars of the first issues, the NATO-SG6 gearbox was raised, subsequently replaced by the NATi-SG19 gearbox. The two-grained NATI-SG19 reducer was compactly single-grated Nati-SG6. All equipment was placed under the hood of the engine. The gearbox was placed on the engine, which gave him a sufficient heating, preventing freezing. To control the gas reserves in the cylinders on the facing of the front car, the cabin was put a pressure gauge. 60 cubic meters of compressed gas stored in six cylinders. The weight of the gas installation was 420 kg. Gas equipment Released Kuibyshev carburetor plant. The average car mileage without replenishing gas reserves depended on the fuel and was: 150 km on coke gas and light gas, 200 on synthesis gas, 300 on methane.
NATI-3. - Experimental half-sized modification with a rhine metal caterpillar with a sloth-driven from a standard bridge. Tested in 1934-1936.
GAZ-60. - Serial half-sized modification with a rhine metal caterpillar with a sloth-powered from a standard bridge. Years of release: 1938-1943.
GAZ-65. - Modification of increased patency with a tracked-wheel drive drive from standard rear kers. In 1940, an experienced industrial batch was released, which showed the complete unsuitability of this scheme for the conditions of real exploitation of cars as in the front of the front, so later and the rear (fuel consumption exceeded 60 l / 100 km).
GAZ-03-30. - 17-seater general destination bus with a body on a wooden frame with a metal trim. It was produced at the power of the gas selection - GZA ( Gorky factory buses, earlier Plant "Bead October"). Years of release: 1933-1950, with a break in 1942-1945. The most common model soviet bus pre-war period.
GAZ-55 (M-55) - sanitary car, equipped with rear axle shock absorbers. Capacity: 10 people, including four on a stretcher. Years of production: 1938-1945. The most massive sanitary car in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
PMG-1 - Fire car (ruler). Year of release: 1932-1941 (?). The most massive pre-war fire truck in the USSR, in fact, with this fire truck, the real motorization of firefighters in our country began.
According to the materials of the sites 66.ru, Anaga.Ru
GAZ-AA: from dump truck to the bus. Gas-aa - gas-mm car. The need for a mass semi-trial car arose in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s - new plants, canals, roads and power plants were built in the country, and it was simply unthinkable to carry out that it was simply unthinkable. Nizhny Novgorod has been chosen by the place of construction of the auto plant-giant, which has qualified personnel, developed by the transport network, as well as a powerful metalworking industry.
The sketch project of the enterprise was ordered by American ford. Motor Company, where on May 31, 1929, the Soviet Government Commission went. Soon with the Americans, an agreement was concluded, according to which the Ford Motor Company administration was obliged to provide technical assistance to the Soviet Union in the construction of the automobile plant, the organization of cargo and passenger cars, as well as in training Soviet specialists and trainees on American auto plants in the amount of up to 50 people annually.
The prototypes of cars for the release of them on the new automobile plant were American cars - the cargo Ford-AA and the light Ford-a.
Serial production of Naz-Aa semi-trunk trucks began on the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant on January 29, 1932. True, at the end of the same year and the city, and the car factory, and the cars produced on it were renamed - the city was named bitter, enterprise - Gorky Automobile Plant, and light and cargo cars - GAZ-A and GAZ-AA. The first two-weeks were made through Fords, however, taking into account the Russian realities, the overseas car had to be equipped with an enhanced Carter of the clutch mechanism, a new steering device, a air filter, and also designed on a gas wooden on-board body.
At first, the trucks were collected using Ford components, and since 1933, all gas-aa began to leave the factory gate, fully equipped with domestic details, mechanisms and aggregates.
1 ignition lock; 2 - fuel level index; 3 ammeter; 4 - Makeup Adjustment Button fuel mixes; 5 - speedometer; 6 - Steering column bracket
It should be noted that for the beginning of the 1930s, the truck had a fairly perfect design. The basis of the truck was a powerful spar frame, on which the cabin and body were fixed. Force aggregate represented 42-strong gas engine Working volume of 3,285 liters. The main advantage of this motor was his "omnivo" - he worked not badly not only at the cheap low-octane gasoline, which we are unlikely to hear - A-52, but also on Ligroine or kerosene.
By the way, 40-liter fuel tank The gas-aa was located above the carburetor, so gasoline came into it without a pump, a self-shot.
The vehicle transmission included one-sided dry clutch and a four-step transmission.
The suspension at the half-sided - dependent, and the front axle rests on the transverse semi-elliptical spring with pushing rods, and the rear - on a pair of longitudinal cantilever springs without shock absorbers. The rear suspension of the machine had an original design with a so-called pushing pipe, inside of which the drive shaft was located. The pipe rested into the bronze sleeve, which due to increased wear required frequent repairs.
The main brake had a mechanical drive, however, due to its low efficiency, drivers preferred braking engine.
Until 1934, the truck cab was manufactured from wood and pressed cardboard, and in the future, a metal cabin with a dermatina roof was installed on the car. In 1938. year gas-aa Upgraded - it was equipped with a 50-strong engine, enhanced suspension, improved steering mechanism, more reliable cardan shaft And, accordingly, they gave a new name - gas-mm. True, externally, the old and new two-sighted one almost did not differ from one another.
The electrician gas-aa was distinguished by a small reliability - a particularly low resource was at the battery and a starter, so that the drivers often had to start the car only with the help of a starting handle. They did not differ reliability and tires - with regulatory activities of 20 thousand km, they were worn out after 8-9 thousand km. The shortage of tires led to the fact that during the war from the factory conveyor, once again went half a week with single-sided rear wheels.
In 1934, the mass production of gas-aaa - three-way version of the two-year version was detached. This car was created under the leadership of the leading designer of the V.A. Gracheva. In total, 37,373 three-way cars were produced on Gaza.
Half-timer served as a good base to create the most different modifications. Thus, on the branch of Gaza, the Gorky buses plant from 1933 to 1950 gathered 17-seater buses GAZ-03-30, in pre-war times the most common in the USSR. The body of this bus had wooden frame and metal trim. In addition to the "civilian", on the basis of GAZ-AA, they produced a staff bus for the needs of the Red Army, and on the basis of the three-axis two-year-old gas-aaa - an army sanitary bus.
In 1936, the production of a gas-410 car-410 vehicle with a lifting capacity of 1.2 tons was organized at the Gorkovsky Auto Plant. The tipping mechanism of the body had an original, kinda "gravitational" drive, in which the weight of the severity worked. The body was equipped with a locking device, whose handle was located at the left side of the dump truck. To unload the car, the driver shifted the handle, the body leaned and the cargo refused back. The empty body under the influence of gravity was returned to its original position and was re-fixed by the locking device.
In the late 1930s, gas generator gas GAZ-42 was created on Gaza, gas-failed gas-44, as well as a GAZ-60 half-sized car. On the basis of gas-aa and gas-MM, cars were produced by petrol workers, automotive cars, as well as AC-2 autostrators, designed to start engines of aircraft.
Many cars Gorky auto plant They were called to the service in the Red Army - half-sighted amounted to over half of the army fleet. Most of them was intended for the transportation of troops, for which machines with onboard body were used, equipped with removable benches, on which 16 fighters were located.
During the war on the chassis, gas-MM chassis was produced by Army sanitary cars GAZ-55, boat buses GAZ-05-193, radar stations, spotlights, sound trap and hiking workshops, and 3850 gas-aa trucks And gas-MM were equipped with anti-aircraft guns and quadstable anti-aircraft guns.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Gorky auto plant cars had to be significantly simplified, which was explained by the lack of metal and the desire to reduce the production cycle of the production of machines. So, the two-weeks were equipped with only rear brakes, they lost the front bumper and right headlightInstead of rounded stamped front wings on GAZ-AA, the wings of a g-shaped shape bent from roofing iron appeared. To all, the body opened only the back side of the body, and in 1942, instead of a steel cabin, it began to produce simplified, with tarpaulin riding and canopies instead of doors. In 1943, the cars were equipped with closed wooden cabins with tarpaulin roofs.
On the basis of two-axis and three-axis half-timer, a lot of armored cars were developed by the factory designers. So, from 1936 to 1938, 394 BA-6 armored vehicles were released on Gaza, from 1938 to 1941 - 3331 BA-10A and BA-10M armored car, and in the late 1930s, bronorcupus was installed on the short-circuit chassis Previously issued and spent their time armored vehicles. In addition, the designers have created prototypes of BA-9 armored vehicles, as well as floating armored cars PB-4 and PB-7.
During the war years, gas released 102,300 cars different types and modifications. And in December 1945, the plant unfolded the serial production of new trucks - GAZ-51 and GAZ-6Z. The assembly of the last half-timer gas-MM was completed on gas in October 1949, and a year later - on the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant.
Noticed a mistake? Highlight it and click Ctrl + Enter. To let us know.
This small for carrying capacity, but the abbreviation of Nazi was significant in the historical terms of the truck: Nizhny Novgorod Automotive Plant. Because his first copies came out of his gate on January 29, 1932, and the renaming of Nizhny Novgorod to Gorky occurred in several months later, October 7. Accordingly, the Avtozavod became Gorky, and the cars produced by him received a gas brand.
At first, on the newly built enterprise, there were only two models: passenger gas and and freight gas-aa. Both were significantly unified among themselves and had their overseas examples: American Ford A and Ford AA (agreement on the transfer of licenses and technical documentation, as well as assistance in organizing and establishing their mass production, our country concluded with Ford Motor Company on May 31, 1929) .
The Americans helped to design and the future factory, and while his corps were built, from February 1930, half a bed began to be collected in the same Nizhny Novgorod, but at the "Friend's" factory ", which was renamed the first car assembly. Machine recorders were supplied for him because of the ocean, only the wooden side platform was localized, which "Red Etna" was done.
At first, the release of gas-aa came across very great difficulties: the supply of semi-finished products and foreign components were broken, but the main thing was not satisfying the quality of the metal in the required volumes. Nevertheless, by the end of the first year of work, the Gorky Automobile Plant began to take up to 60 half-one per day. Why, by the way, half a gun? Because the car was designed for transportation in the body of 1.5 tons of cargo. In this case, its full mass was about 3.3 tons.
Better and perfect
Naturally, the design of both american models As they could have adapted to the conditions of our country. For example, gas-aa received reinforced clutch crankcase and steering mechanism. However, it was only the beginning: Throughout his conveyor life, the two-weeks improved, refined, modernized.
In the movement, the car led the row 4-cylinder gasoline engine, which developed 42 hp It was not equipped with a fuel pump (the tank was above the carburetor) and could work at the cheapest low-octane gasoline. Transmission - 4-speed, without synchronizers. In the front suspension, a transverse springer was used - one on both wheels, and longitudinal cantilever springs were used in the rear suspension, that is, the fastening central part And one tip on the frame, and another tip - to the undercorrect bridge. Brakes - mechanical, with cable drive, without using amplifiers. Since 1938, it began to put more powerful engine, developed 50 hp - It was borrowed from a passenger gas-M1 that changed gas-a. Later, with the beginning of the war, the construction of the car is simplified as much as possible: the cabin has become wooden, lost the doors and one of the two headlight headlamps, the stamping of the wings gave the place to be flexible, the platform left only the back side of the platform, removed the brake mechanisms from the front wheels. In addition to the carriage of the personnel and cargo during the war, gas-aa and gas-mm were often used in the forces of anti-air defense, by mounting anti-aircraft or searchlights of the installations or the quadruple machines "Maxim".
In different modifications
The model range on the basis of GAZ-AA on the Gorky Auto Plant began to create, barely semi-liter stood on the conveyor. After a year later, a service bus, which received the designation of GAZ-03-30 - began to be made from April 1933 in the bus workshop organized on the basis of the "Wall of October" plant. In November 1934, the family of Gorky trucks once again occurred: the production of a three-axis modification of gas-aaa started, the carrying capacity of which was two tons. This car was intended primarily for the Red Army: two leading axes increased the permeability. Subsequently, there were even armored cars at its base. And in 1938, the family replenished and half-sized GAZ-60, which was supposed to be used mainly as an artillery tractor.
Developed model line and in the interests national economy: In the mid-1930s, the manufacture of gas-410 dump trucks, road sweeping machines, fire automotivers, and bread, industrial and other vans began on the Gaz-Aa chassis. In 1937, at one of the branches of the Gorky Automobile Plant, the production of GAZ-55 sanitary bus began. Also in those years, gas-generated gas-42 truck was created.
When, at the end of the Great Patriotic War, at the Gorky Auto Plant began to prepare for the development of the car of the next generation of GAZ-51, the production of the two-sided shine was decided to transfer to Ulyanovsk, where it began in October 1947 and continued for another seven years. The gas itself produced more than 800 thousand "half-one", and taking into account production at other plants their total quantity over a million! This small and not strongly loaded at current times, in many respects, the machine has pulled a collectivization in many respects, ensured the production of industrialization and played one of the leading roles in the victory over Germany and over the post-war devastation. No wonder in many regions of the country, the two-weeks put on the pedestals, becoming one of the most eloquent monuments of their epoch!
GAZ-AA
common data
| Manufacturer: | GAS |
| Brand: | GAZ-A. |
| A type: | Petrol |
| Volume: | 3 285 cm 3 |
| Maximum power: | 40 l. with., at 2200 rpm |
| Maximum torque: | 165 N · m, at 1200 rpm |
| Configuration: | inline, 4-cylinder. |
| Cylinders: | 4 |
| Valves: | 8 |
| Max. speed: | 70 km / h |
| Fuel consumption with mixed cycle: | 19.5 l / 100 km |
| Cylinder diameter: | 98.43 mm |
| Piston move: | 107.95 mm |
| Compression ratio : | 4,22 |
| Cooling: | liquid |
| Valve mechanism: | SV |
| Cylinder block material: | cast iron |
| Material GBC: | cast iron |
| Taxity (number of clocks): | 4 |
| Cylinder Operation: | 1-2-4-3 |
Specifications
Mass-overalls
On the market
Other
| Loading: | 1500 kg |
GAZ-AA (half-timer) - the cargo car of Nizhny Novgorod (in 1932), later the Gorky Automobile Plant, with a lifting capacity of 1.5 tons (1500 kg), known as half-timer. Initially, the sample was the American Ford Model AA model of 1930, but later designed for domestic drawings.
History
It was originally released at the Water Town of October in Canvine, 10 samples of the American Ford Model AA model of 1930, but subsequently before the launch of autohydigant (Nizhny Novgorod car factory) Soviet engineers prepared their own drawings by revising the design, nodes, platform and the first serial Naz-Aa came out from the conveyor of the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant (called) on January 29, 1932. By the end of the year, the plant renamed after the city in Gorky Automotive, produced 60 gas-aa trucks per day. Unlike the American Ford model AA, on soviet gas-aa Carter clutch, steering mechanism, installed air filter etc., and in the 1930s on Soviet drawings, the onboard body was designed. Fully from the Soviet components GAZ-AA collected since 1933. Until 1934, the cab was made of wood and extruded cardboard, and then replaced with a metal cabin with a dermatinal roof.
In 1938, the truck was modernized and received a 50-strong gas-MM engine (its modification of Gas-M was installed on the passenger car GAZ-M1 "Molotolov-1", more known as EMCA), enhanced suspension And the new steering mechanism and cardan shaft. There were no external differences in gas-aa from gas.
There was also a modification of gas-aa with a dump truck, at the beginning of the release, called GAZ-C1, later GAZ-410. The principle of action of this dump truck was quite interesting. The load is evenly distributed in the body was supposed to overturn the platform back, if not a special stopping device, the handle of which was in the middle of the left side. For unloading, the driver released a handle, the cargo refused back, and the empty body under the action of gravity was returned to the horizontal position, after which it was fixed with the help of a handle.
Soon after the start of the Great Patriotic War due to a lack of thin cold-rolled steel and a number of components that were supplied by third-party enterprises, the gas was forced to switch to the release of a simplified military truck gas-MM-B (intra-water index MM-13), whose doors were replaced by triangular side The fences and foldable tarpaulin doors, the wings were made of the roofing iron by the method of simple bending, there were no brakes on the front wheels, only one headlight headlight was left and with non-tidy side sides.
In 1944, pre-war equipment was partially restored: wooden doors appeared, that is, the cabin became wooden-metal (and remained such before the end of the truck production), later the front brakes appeared again, folded side boards and the second headlight. The last gas-MM desired from the Gorky conveyor on October 10, 1949. Another year (and according to some reports, until 1956), half-sided collected in Ulyanovsk, where they were released since 1947.
Years of release (gas) -AA / GAZ-MM: on the name / Gaza - 1932-1949; At the Moscow Plant Kim - 1933-1939; at the Rostov Motor Mountain Plant - 1939-1941; On the Ulzis - 1942-1950.
985,000 copies of gas-aa, gas-mm and their derivatives were issued, including during 1941-45. - 138 600. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the ranks of the Red Army, 151,100 such cars were listed.
Thus, the "half-timer" became the most massive soviet car The first half of the XX century. They could be found on the roads of the country until the end of the 60s.
Design features
Constructively simple and technological gas-aa cargo car was made according to a classic scheme on a frame chassis with a spring suspension. Cabin's plumage is unified with passenger car Gas-a.
The design feature was the rear suspension and transmission device, where the so-called pushing tube (English Torque Tube) was used as a longitudinal thrust, inside which the closed drive shaft was located, which rested into the bronze sleeve, subject to rapid wear and necessity of frequent repairs. Insufficient vitality differed and fastening the reactive thrust of the front suspension, which perceived the effort when braking. Accordingly, the mileage on the refusal of the "half-timer" was significantly less than that of the "Triumphons" ZIS-5, besides, "half a gun" was almost always operated with a significant (up to double) overload.
Engine.
The resulting row 6 cylinder engine Herkules from AUTOCAR-SA truck 1929-1932g. It was shortened on an AMO3 and later on the ZIS5, it was shortened by 2 cylinders, and moved a number of changes during the modernization, in particular, the cast-iron piston was initially, the piston finger was tightened by a bolt to the head of the connecting rod, and did not have inserts, and fledged babbit, plugged valve saddles also not I had. The last modification of 6 cylinder was used on the engine ZIL 157. On ZIL157D and on ZIL157CD, the original pistons with a slot, a diameter of 101.6 mm were replaced with more reliable pistons without a slot from ZIL 130 diameter 100mm
But due to the low compression (4.25: 1) unpretentious and maintainable gas-aa engines And gas-MM could be operated at the lowest grades of fuel, including ligroin and even kerosene (in warm season and on a heated engine) and low-quality industrial lubricants (autolas and nigrols).
Low resource was distinguished by deficient starters with a battery (on a rare car they served over six months), so in real exploitation, the car started the "curve starter", that is, the handle.
The special deficit was tires that differed in low-cost (8-9 thousand km at regulatory 20 thousand), so in the late 1930s and during the war, the two-weeks were often gone from the conveyor only with two rear wheels, that is, with a single Oshinovka rear axle that, accordingly, reduced the lifting capacity. Wheels - 6.00-520.
However, due to the mass conveyor production of Gas-AA / mm, there was a massive truck, and in general, a car in the prewaging USSR and in the Red Army (over 150 thousand on 06/20/1941).
His chassis served as a base for creating a number of specialized and special modifications of military and civilian purposes: Charging and lighting power plants, radio stations, a long-distance detection radio system, Radio and repairs "Fellowship", autolaborate sanitary and anti-chemical purpose, fuel and oil refresher , Aviation-starting machines, acoustic and light air defense systems, various tanks, polyvoy machine, ambulance carriages, etc.
Gas-aa and -mm aggregates were widely used in creating military and combat vehicles, including light tanks, armored vehicles of the BA-6 and BA-10 series, SU-12 self-propelled installation with 76.2-mm regimental gun, artillery tractor, Katyushi BM-8-48 and other equipment.
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Rear axle on longitudinal semi-elliptic springs (cantilever suspension). | Cardan shaft passes in a pipe that is also reactive pull rear axle. | Fastening pipe with a cardan shaft to a gearbox, a flexible speedometer drive cable is visible. | The front axle on the transversely located semi-elliptical springs is visible to the brake mechanism. |
Basic modifications based on gas-aa and gas-mm
- NATI-3 is an experimental semigious modification with a rubberometallic caterpillar with a slotter drive from a standard bridge. Tested in 1934-1936.
- GAZ-60 is a serial semi-zeal modification with a rubber-dollar caterpillar with a slotter drive from a standard bridge. Years of release: 1938-1943.
- GAZ-65 - Modification of increased patency with a tracked-wheel drive drive from standard rear wheels. In 1940, an experienced industrial batch was released, which showed the complete unsuitability of this scheme for the conditions of real exploitation of cars as in the front of the front, so later and the rear (fuel consumption exceeded 60 l / 100 km).
- GAZ-03-30 - 17-seater bushow bus with a body on a wooden frame with a metal trim. It was produced at the aircraft capacity of the gas - GZA (Gorky plant of the buses, earlier the "Buddock of October"). Years of release: 1933-1950, with a break in 1942-1945. The most common model of the Soviet bustice of the pre-war period.
- GAZ-55 (M-55) - a sanitary car, equipped with rear axle shock absorbers. Capacity: 10 people, including four on a stretcher. Years of production: 1938-1945. The most massive sanitary car in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
- PMG-1 - Fire car (ruler). Year of release: 1932-1941 (?). The most massive pre-war fire truck in the USSR, in fact, with this fire truck, the real motorization of firefighters in our country began.
In the game and souvenir industry
In April 2011, Hongwell Toys Limited on request "Feran" (Our auto industry's trademark) released gas-aa model with an awning over the body (colors: protective, green glossy) and without awning (colors: gray, black with chrome, black) on scale 1:43.
In February 2012, PCT released for the magazine series of authelets of the USSR Publishing House Deagostini Model GAZ-AA with an awning, cast a single part with the body.
Memory
In many cities of the former Soviet Union Installed monuments of gas GAZ-AA. The car is presented in a number of Russian museums.
Write a review about the article "GAZ-AA"
Notes
Links
|
||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing gas-aa
- ADORABLE, DIVIN, DELICIEUX! [Deliciously, Divinely, Wonderful!] - I heard from all sides. Natasha looked at the thick Georges, but I did not hear anything, I did not see and did not understand anything that was done in front of her; She only felt again quite irrevocably in that strange, the insane world, so distant from the previous, in the world in which it was impossible to know that it was good that badly, which is reasonable and that madly. Anatole was sitting behind, and she, feeling his proximity, was frightened by something.After the first monolign, the whole society rose and surrounded M Lle Georges, expressing her delight.
- How good she is! - Natasha said, who, together with others, got up and moved to actress through the crowd.
"I don't find, looking at you," said Anatol, following Natasha. He said it at such a time when she could hear it alone. "You are charming ... from the minute, as I saw you, I did not stop ....
"Let's go, let's go, Natasha," said the count, returning for her daughter. - How good!
Natasha did not say anything to his father and looked at him as surprised eyes.
After several receptions of the recitation of M Lle Georges and the Countess of Supreme asked the Society in the Hall.
The graph wanted to leave, but Helen begged not to spoil her improvised ball. Rostov remained. Anatol invited Natasha on the waltz and during the Waltz, he shaking her camp and hand, told her that she was Ravissante [charming] and that he loves her. During the Ecosure, which she danced again with Kuragin, when they were left alone, Anatol said nothing to her and just looked at her. Natasha was in doubt whether she saw what he told her during the Waltz. At the end of the first figure, he again shook her hand. Natasha raised his frightened eyes on him, but such a self-confidently tender expression was in his gentle glance and the smile that she could not looking at him to say what she had to tell him. She lowered his eyes.
"Don't tell me such things, I am engaged and love the other," she said quickly ... "She looked at him." Anatole was not embarrassed and did not upset what she said.
- Do not tell me about it. What does it matter to me? - he said. - I say that insanely, insanely in love with you. Is I guilty that you are amazing? We start.
Natasha, lively and disturbing, widely opened, frightened eyes watched around him and seemed more fun than usually. She did almost remember anything from what was this evening. Aepesz and Gros Faiter danced, father invited her to leave, she asked to stay. Wherever she was, whoever spoke, she felt his eyes. Then she remembered that she asked the father of the permission to go out into the restroom to edit the dress that Helen went out for her, he said her laughing about her brother's love and that in a small sofa, she again met an anatole that helen had disappeared somewhere, they stayed together and Anatol, Taking her hand, a gentle voice said:
"I can't ride you, but will I ever see you?" I love you insanely. Would never? ... - And he, shielding her the road, brought his face to her face.
Brilliant, big, men's eyes are so close to her eyes, that she did not see anything but these eyes.
- Natalie?! - his voice whispered questioningly, and someone hurts her hands.
- Natalie?!
"I do not understand anything, I have nothing to say," her look said.
The hot lips pressed to her lips and at the same moment she felt free again, and the noise of steps and dresses helen was heard in the room. Natasha looked around at Helen, then, red and trembling, looked at him frightened questioningly and went to the door.
- Un Mot, Un Seul, Au Nom de Dieu, [one word, only one, for God,] - said Anatol.
She stopped. She was so necessary for him to say this word, which would explain to her what happened and to which she would answer him.
"Nathalie, Un Mot, Un Seul," he repeated, apparently not knowing what to say and repeated it until helen approached them.
Helen, along with Natasha, went out again in the living room. Without staying dinner, Rostov left.
Returning home, Natasha did not sleep all night: she was tormented by an unresolved question she loved, Anatola or Prince Andrew. Prince Andrew she loved - she remembered it clear how much she loved him. But she loved Anatol too, it was undoubtedly. "Otherwise, would it all be?" She thought. "If I could have after that, saying goodbye to him, a smile to answer his smile, if I could admit before that, it means that I loved him from the first minute. So he is kind, noble and beautiful, and it was impossible not to love him. What should I do when I love him and love the other? " She told himself, not finding answers to these terrible questions.
It came in the morning with his concerns and bustle. Everyone got up, moved, spoke, again came the modists, again, Mary Dmitrievna came out and called to tea. Natasha widely revealed eyes, as if she wanted to intercept every look at her, looking restlessly at all and tried to seem like that, what she was always.
After the breakfast, Marya Dmitrievna (it was the best time for her), sowing on his chair, called Natasha and the old graph.
"Well, my friends, now I've been doing everything that I am my advice," she began. - Yesterday, as you know, I was at Prince Nicholas; Well, I talked to him .... He was shouting. Yes, they do not shift me! I got everything left!
- What is he? - asked the graph.
- Is he what? Sadness ... I do not want to hear; Well, yes what to say, and so we are poorly vulled, "said Mary Dmitrievna. - And my advice to you to end and go home, in the apologist ... and wait there ...
- Oh, no! - screamed Natasha.
"No, go," said Marya Dmitrievna. - And there to wait. "If the groom will come here now - without a quarrel will not cost, and he will negotiate everything alone with an old man and then arrive at you.
Ilya Andreich approved this proposal, immediately understood all his intelligence. If the old man softens, the better to come to him in Moscow or bald mountains, after; If not, it is possible to marvel against his will only in the apologist.
"And true truth," he said. "I am regretting that I went to him and drove it," said the old Graph.
- No, what do you regret? Being here, it was impossible not to make respect. Well, not wanting his work, "said Mary Dmitrievna, something looking for in Ridiculy. - Yes, and dowry is ready, what else to wait for you; And what is not ready, I will send you. Although I feel sorry for you, and I'd rather go with God. - Finding in Ridiculyus what she was looking for, she handed over Natasha. It was a letter from the Princess Mary. - You write. How suffering, poor thing! She is afraid to not think that she does not love you.
"Yes, she doesn't love me," Natasha said.
"Nonsense, do not say," Marya Dmitrievna shouted.
- I will not believe anyone; I know that I don't love, - Natasha said safely, taking a letter, and in his face it was put to dry and evil decisiveness, who forced Mary Dmitrievna to look at her and frown.
"You, Mother, don't answer," she said. - What I say is true. Write an answer.
Natasha did not answer and went to his room to read the letter of the Princess Marya.
Princess Marya wrote that she was desperate from the misunderstanding between them. Whatever the feelings of her father, wrote Princess Mary, she asked Natasha to believe that she could not not love her as the one she chose her brother, for whom she was ready for everyone to donate.
"However, she wrote, do not think that my father was badly located to you. He is a sick and old man who needs to excuse; But he is good, generous and will love the one that will make the happiness of his son. " Princess Marya further requested that Natasha appointed time when she can see her again.
After reading the letter, Natasha sat down to the desk to write a response: "Chere Princesse", [Dear Princess,] quickly, mechanically wrote she and stopped. "What could I write after all that was yesterday? Yes, yes, all this was, and now all the other, "she thought, sitting over the started letter. "I need to refuse him? Is it really necessary? It's terrible! "... And so as not to think of these terrible thoughts, she went to Sona and with her began to disassemble patterns.
After lunch, Natasha went into his room, and again took the letter of the princes Marya. - "Is everything already over? She thought. Is it really that soon all this happened and destroyed everything former "! She in all of the same strength recalled his love for the prince Andrei and at the same time he felt that Kuragin loved. She was alive represented himself with the wife of Prince Andrew, represented himself as many times repeatedly with his imagination a picture of happiness with him and at the same time, stern from excitement, imagined all the details of her yesterday's date with Anatola.
"Why would this not be together? Sometimes, in perfect eclipse, she thought. Then only I would be completely happy, and now I have to choose and without one of both I can't be happy. One thing, I thought, to say what was prince Andrei or hide - it is equally impossible. And nothing is spoiled with this. But is it really forever with this happiness of the love of Prince Andrei, who I lived for so long? "
"The lady," the girl said with a mysterious view, entering the room. - I ordered me one man. The girl sent a letter. - Only for the sake of Christ, "said the girl, when Natasha, without thinking, a mechanical movement broke the seal and read a love letter of Anatol, from which she, without understanding not a word, understood only one thing - that this letter was from him, from that person, which she loves. "Yes, she loves, otherwise what could happen what happened? Didn't you have a love letter from him in her hand? "
Natasha's shaking hands held this passionate, a love letter, composed for Anatol Doolokhov, and, reading it, found in him the echoes of all that it seemed to her she herself felt.
"Since yesterday, my fate is decided to be your favorite or die. I do not have another way out, "the letter began. Then he wrote that he knew about the fact that her relatives would not give her to him, an anatoly that there was secret reasons that he could open it alone, but that if she loved him, she should say this word yes, and no Human forces will not prevent their bliss. Love wins everything. He will kidnap and take her to the edge of the world.
"Yes, yes, I love it!" Thought Natasha, rereading the letter twenties and twenty times and looking for some kind of special deep meaning in every word.
On this evening, Marya Dmitrievna rushed to Arkharov and offered the ladies to go with her. Natasha under the pretext of headaches stayed at home.
Returning late in the evening, Sonya entered the Natasha room and, to his surprise, I found it not to spread it, sleeping on the sofa. On the table beside her an open letter of Anatol. Sonya took the letter and began to read it.
She read and looked at the sleeping Natasha, on her face looking for explanations that she read, and did not find it. The face was quiet, meek and happy. Catching for the chest not to suffocate, Sonya, pale and tremble from fear and excitement, sat down on the chair and flooded with tears.
"How did I not see anything? How could it go so far? Is it really blossomed by Prince Andrew? And how could she admit to this Kuragin? He is a deceiver and the villain, it is clear. What will happen to Nicolas, with a cute, noble nicolas when he finds out about it? So that's what her excited, decisive and unnatural face of the third day, and yesterday, and now, I thought Sonya; But it can not be that she loved him! Probably not knowing from whom she printed this letter. She is probably offended. She can't do it! "
Sonya lost tears and went to Natasha, again peering into her face.
- Natasha! - She said a little heard.
Natasha woke up and saw Sonya.
- A, returned?
And with a decisiveness and tenderness that happens in the moments of awakening, she hugged a girlfriend, but noticing embarrassment on Sony's face, Natasha's face expressed embarrassment and suspicion.
- Sonya, did you read the letter? - she said.
"Yes," Sonya said quietly.
Natasha smiled enthusiastically.
- No, Sonya, I can no longer! - she said. - I can't hide from you more. You know, we love each other! ... Sonya, dove, he writes ... Sonya ...
Sonya, no matter how believing his ears, looked at all eyes to Natasha.
- And Block? - she said.
- Ah, Sonya, Ah, if you could know how happy I am! - said Natasha. - You do not know what love is ...
"But, Natasha, really all over?"
Natasha looked at Sonya with big eyes, as if not understanding her question.
- Well, do you refuse to prince Andrei? Sales said.
"Oh, you don't understand anything, you don't say nonsense, you are listening," Natasha said with instant annoyance.
"No, I can't believe it," Sonya repeated. - I do not understand. How old did you love one person and suddenly ... because you only saw it three times. Natasha, I do not believe you, you are stitching. Every three days forget everything and so ...
"Three days," Natasha said. - I think I love him a hundred years. It seems to me that I never loved anyone before him. You can't understand this. Sonya, wait, sit here. - Natasha hugged and kissed her.
- I was told what it happens and you really heard, but now I just experienced this love. This is not what before. As soon as I saw him, I felt that he was my lord, and I am a slave him, and that I could not not love him. Yes, slave! What he tells me, then I will do. You do not understand this. What should I do? What should I do, Sonya? - Natasha spoke with a happy and frightened face.
"But you think what you are doing," Sonya said, "I can't leave it." These secret letters ... How could you allow him before? She said with horror and with disgust, which she hardly hid.
"I told you," Natasha answered, "that I have no will, as you don't understand this: I love him!"
"So I will not allow, I will tell you," Sonya screamed with the breakdown tears.
"What are you, for God's sake ... If you tell you, you are my enemy," Natasha spoke. - You want my unfortunate, you want, so that we are separated ...
Having seen this fear of Natasha, Sonya put in tears of shame and pity for his girlfriend.
- But what was between you? She asked. - What did he tell you? Why doesn't he go to the house?
Natasha did not answer her question.
"For God's sake, Sonya, don't tell anyone, do not suffer me," Natasha stacked. - You remember that it is impossible to interfere with such things. I opened you ...
- But why these secrets! Why does he not go to the house? - Sonya asked. - Why does he directly seek your hand? After all, Prince Andrei gave you complete freedom, if so; But I do not believe it. Natasha, did you think, what could be secret causes?
Natasha looked at Sonya in surprised eyes. It can be seen, she itself was the first time this question was and she did not know what to respond to him.
- What are the reasons, I do not know. But therefore there are reasons!
Sonya sighed and shook her head incredulously.
- If there were reasons ... - she began. But Natasha guess her doubt, frightened it.
