When starting on a slippery surface, the first wheel rotation must be made without slipping. This can be achieved by moving off "vnatyag" due to the delay in engaging the clutch. In this case, the front wheels must definitely stand straight, because even at the slightest turn, they create an emphasis and provoke slipping. You can drive off by repeatedly gently engaging the clutch at a constant minimum engine speed, or by simultaneously releasing the clutch and gas pedals after the engine has been cranked to medium speed.
Starting driving on a slippery surface, all factors should be taken into account - the design features of the vehicle transmission (drive type), the condition and type of tires, the presence of certain electronic systems, slope and relief of the road, weather conditions.
Even on very good tires, when the wheel hits the hole, it is not always possible to immediately budge. In this case, try to gently rock the car. To do this, you need to turn on the front or reverse gear, squeeze out the clutch, allowing the car to roll back, and add throttle as the car rolls into the hole, as if pushing it. In this case, the engine speed should be low or medium. Senseless slipping will not lead to anything: the rotating wheels melt the snow and the upper layer of ice, and a layer of water forms under them. In mono-drive cars without a self-locking differential (and most of them), the second will not help either drive wheel - "diff" will turn it off, transferring all the moment to the skid.
When accelerating, you should use the higher stages, switching to them earlier than usual (until the engine has developed maximum torque) in order to prevent excessive traction to the wheels.
It is easier to get under way and climb up steep hills on cars with four-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive. It is even possible to seat passengers backwards to further increase the pressure on rear axle... Thus, the drive wheels will be heavier, while on front-wheel drive models, the drive wheels are unloaded on an uphill and traction is reduced. For front-wheel drive, you can "catch" on the roadside for acceleration. Then one side of the car will run in the snow and the grip of the corresponding wheels will be better. This method, however, is suitable for any type of drive. But in this case, this must be done very carefully and not high speed (sometimes only for the initial impulse) so that the car does not turn around.
2. Let's go
On a slippery one, seemingly standard situations should be perceived somewhat differently. For example, when leaving a secondary road, fast acceleration may not work due to wheel slip (especially if the driver is nervous and overexerts). At the same time, the driver of another car will simply not be able to quickly maneuver to slippery road... Therefore, it is better to leave when you most likely will not disturb anyone. And be careful with overtaking. Do not forget that sharp steering can provoke, and an overdose of gas will lead to slipping of the driving wheels, and intensive acceleration will not work.
With excessive traction, both when starting and while driving, a front-wheel drive car tends to drift off the front axle, a rear-wheel drive car tends to skid rear wheels, and all-wheel drive can generally crawl sideways.
On a suburban road, when entering an open space or when overtaking a road train, a sharp gust of side wind on the ice can easily shift the car to the side. So do not get carried away with speed and you should be ready to react to the impulse.
If, when entering a bend, the speed was too high and the car "swam" out of the bend, you should try to straighten the trajectory by reducing the angle of rotation of the wheels. Then reduce speed and complete the maneuver.
On a slippery road, do not turn the steering wheel sharply, press the pedals, or release the gas. All actions of the driver must be quick and smooth at the same time.
When shifting, the clutch should be carefully applied and under no circumstances should the pedal be “thrown”. A quick change in torque can cause drift or drift of the driving wheels even when driving in a straight line, let alone a corner.
In icy conditions it is necessary to take into account the relief of the road and try to avoid places with slopes on which the car can slide. Cars in which the torque is redistributed between the front and rear wheels with the help of the clutch deserve a separate discussion. As a result, a car with a floating moment can suddenly change from front-wheel drive "habits" to rear-wheel drive and vice versa.
3. Slow down
In icy conditions, the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road is much lower than on dry asphalt. At the same time, the intensity of deceleration of the car decreases, and braking distances increases significantly. Based on this, a large distance should be observed from the vehicle in front.
On a road with a low coefficient of adhesion, start driving in higher gears and slow down and brake in lower gears. This should be done smoothly, with a delay in engaging the clutch, so that there is no sudden surge of torque that can dramatically slow down the car and cause the same reaction as locking the wheels.
Under no circumstances should the wheels be blocked on slippery surfaceotherwise the vehicle will lose control. If this happens on the curve, the machine will keep straight motion and won't fit into it.
It is very difficult to feel the moment when the wheels are locked. Therefore, when a gear is engaged on a front-wheel drive vehicle that is not equipped with ABS and / or "automatic", the engine may stall on a slippery surface with locked wheels. Naturally, the power steering (if any) and the vacuum brake booster will immediately turn off. Briefly squeezing and releasing the clutch pedal does not always give a result - it is possible that the motor will not start from a roll on ice. On the back and all-wheel drive models the engine can also stall, but this is less likely, therefore, when braking, you should act in the same way - while in a low gear, you need to squeeze the clutch. In this case, you must be ready to smoothly release the pedal, transferring torque to the turning wheels, if you suddenly need to pull the car with gas. So there should always be a reserve of thrust.
IN emergency situation in order to extinguish the speed of movement, you can try to rub sideways to a snowdrift. The main thing is to remember that when driving at speed onto a snow-covered roadside, the car may start to turn due to the difference in the grip coefficients of the right and left wheels.
4. We park
Maneuvering on ice in cramped conditions is much more difficult than on asphalt. The car can slide on ice when braking even at speeds below 5 km / h or when starting off. Therefore, when parking a car, you should maintain a large distance and interval between cars and other objects.
When parking on ice, it is better to play it safe and perform all actions at a very low speed.
A car inadvertently abandoned near the curb in the morning may turn out to be fenced off from the road by a snow parapet, which will be raked by road snow-clearing equipment.
You should also not drive into the pits. If there is water in them, then at night it can freeze, "grabbing" the wheel. It is better not to put the car on the “handbrake”: overnight the snow will melt on the heated mechanisms, and the brake may freeze. For the same reason, ice forms under strongly heated rubber in the morning. Along the sidewalk on descents / ascents, it is better to park the car so that, when driving off, you do not have to move uphill.
Traveling by car in winter requires much more skill and skill than in the warm season. It is especially difficult for beginners who meet their first winter at the wheel.
The insidiousness of the winter road lies in the low coefficient of adhesion of the wheels to the asphalt. Ice and snow on the road prevent the wheels from catching and cause the drive wheels to spin, especially when going uphill. Most often, slipping occurs when you start driving. The most effective acceleration is obtained when starting off without wheel slip or with minimal slip.
Most often, slipping occurs during the operation of front-wheel drive vehicles, since when starting off, the weight of the car is redistributed back and the adhesion of the front wheels to the road worsens. A rear-wheel drive car has a slight advantage in this respect, its driving wheels, on the contrary, are pressed against the road when starting off. Due to this, the wheels of a rear-wheel drive car most often slip when starting off, in 1st gear, while in a front-wheel drive car, slipping can manifest itself during a sharp acceleration in both 2nd and 3rd gear, etc.
So, consider as follows get under way on ice.
1. The most accurate work with the gas and clutch pedals. You need to act according to the rule "the more slippery the road, the lower the engine speed." When starting to move on clear ice you need to get under way almost at idle, with a delay in engaging the clutch. Increased engine speed, as well as abrupt use of the gas and clutch pedals, will lead to wheel spin. If this happens, do not try to help increase the speed, it will only make the situation worse. Better disengage the clutch and try again. This is the so called double squeeze, helping to get under way in a front-wheel drive vehicle. When the clutch is engaged for the first time, the load is distributed back, if at this moment the gas is released and the clutch is pressed, the car will swing forward by inertia and the wheels will press against the road, at this moment you need to try to start moving again.
2. When starting off on ice, you can use the second gear instead of the first, as this will provide less torque to the wheels and there is less chance that the wheels will slip into slipping.
3. On rear wheel drive can be tightened halfway when starting off parking brakewhich will also restrict rear wheel rotation and reduce the risk of spinning.
4. When stopping on a slippery incline, try to keep more distance from the front and rear carsas well as increased lateral spacing. When you start to slip, your car, or your neighbor's car on the road may slide to the side or slide back, be prepared for this.
5. When driving a car with automatic transmission, use winter mode.
6. When starting to move, the front wheels must be kept in a straight position, wheels turned even a few degrees can lead to slipping.
7. If allowed road conditions and traffic rules, you can drive back to an area with normal coverage and overcome a slippery area with acceleration.
These tips apply to vehicles that are not equipped with modern electronic assistants such as traction control, stabilization system, Hill Asist, etc. However, even if your car is equipped with all modern systems, it is not worth checking the limit of their capabilities, the laws of physics have not yet been canceled.
If you frequently travel out of town where road conditions leave a lot to be desired, put a bag of sand or salt in your trunk. A couple of handfuls, poured under the drive wheels, will help you get off even on a mirror-icy surface. As a last resort, use the tools at hand: branches, rags, straw, etc.
The road is slippery. We continue to study the techniques of counter-emergency driving.
Starting technique
When driving training we are taught that on a slippery road, in rain or snow, drivers should be extremely careful, because even experienced motorists can easily lose control, which often happens the cause of the accident... As you know, with a low coefficient of adhesion car tires with the road (for example, a rolled road, smooth ice), as well as on uneven surfaces (ruts, holes, especially those filled with water), driving can easily cause panic, fear, fear and many other unpleasant and dangerous sensations in the driver.
Many car enthusiasts make the following mistake: the so-called slipping, when a person continues to "hold the gas" while waiting for engagement.
Most often, this method does not help anything. When the wheel starts to slip, the wheel heats up the ice or snow rather quickly, so a layer of water forms between the tire and the roadbed. It is she who interferes with the engagement. In this situation, it is rarely possible to use all the technical capabilities of the second drive wheel, which is standing on solid ground. Here, the differential simply turns it off, while all the power is transferred to the skid wheel.
Secrets of slippery work
Remember, the first wheel revolution of your car should not be slipping. If it did happen, then you need to reduce it to a minimum. Even before the start of starting, the front wheels of the car should be aligned, because even a small angle of rotation can greatly slow down the car and provoke unnecessary slipping.
If you start off, as they say "in tightness", then it is recommended to do this at the minimum speed stable due to slipping (delay) of engaging the clutch.
To eliminate the slip, experienced drivers re-start by disengaging and re-engaging the clutch. By the way, do not forget about the mechanism for loading and unloading cars along the axes. As soon as the first impulse occurs, that is, the clutch is engaged, then rear wheels immediately loaded, and then, due to the reaction of the suspension, they are unloaded. It is this moment that often makes the slip.
If you are driving a front wheel drive vehicle, it is recommended that you perform double clutch release. Thus, the first impulse is to unload the front wheels, and the second will give them traction just at the moment when the car rocks forward. Before starting off, make sure that your wheels are not crooked and that there is no slipping on the first wheel revolution. Slip can be reduced by using the parking brake (we can brake the rear wheels with it) or by using an overdrive.
There is a way to start by swinging the car. In this case, the starting impulse must be "adjusted" to the moment of loading the main, that is, the driving wheels. The same is done when getting stuck on ice, sand, or a hole. But waiting for the car to “catch on” and still start accelerating is a completely hopeless business. Didn't get all the steps right and still can't move? Repeat all operations again.
Extreme starting techniques
It so happens that you need to move the car from a place with minimum grip, for example:
- if there is frost on the asphalt;
- ice covered with water;
- polished or rolled snow;
- icy crust, etc.
The following techniques will help here. First you need to turn on an overdrive (for example, second or third). This will reduce the initial thrust.
Then turn on the parking brake, and its "preload" should be about 50%, which will soften the rotational impulse.
Driving off should be done by carefully engaging the clutch several times at a constant low engine speed. As soon as the average rpm is reached, both pedals (gas and clutch) are simultaneously released.
How to maintain the stability of the car?
Often on a slippery road, when changing gears, the car loses stability, which leads to a skid or rotation of the vehicle. To avoid this, you need to perform a downshift. This will make it possible to adjust stability, increase traction on the drive wheels and create a reserve of power.
But shifting gears while drifting is a challenge, even for an experienced motorist. If you follow the tips below, you can handle skidding and restore stability to the machine.
To begin with, you need to create a delay or slip of the clutch, that is, in the same way as in a situation with starting on a slippery road. By the way, the delay time depends on the nature of the situation. For example, when shifting while cornering on slippery ice surfaces, it is best to combine clutch engagement delay and rebound.
Execution technique
We continue to stabilize the car with the left hand, the throttling also does not stop. The right hand must be free to shift gears. "Gas" is not completely closed, but slightly covered.
With the left foot, smoothly and gently disengage the clutch, turn on the downshift, but do not forget about the delay. This will allow you to raise the revs in order to subsequently eliminate the braking or accelerating impulse on the driving wheels.
The delay in engaging the clutch in the car is especially relevant when there is no time for "overrunning", or when a low gear is required with a certain gap. In terms of time, these actions should not take more than 0.8 seconds.
Video on how to move up the hill in winter:
Success in extreme driving and be extremely careful!
The article uses an image from the site isuzugo.ru
Ice is the motorist's worst enemy. But this does not mean that if there is ice on the road, we must leave our car before spring and change to public transport... Yes, winter is not the best time to drive safely. But there are a number of driving tips to help you get rid of the complexities of driving on ice.
With the arrival of the winter period, all drivers on the roads have become more careful and focused. The average speed of cars on the road has decreased, the distance between cars has increased (unfortunately, not all drivers do this), etc. But winter is not always difficult. It's not always bad weather outside. For example, on a sunny frosty day, the road is less dangerous than when it is snowing. But of course ice is considered the most dangerous. Alas, but this is a fact, most of us live in the northern regions of the country and therefore know firsthand what it means to drive a car on an icy or snowy road.
So every car enthusiast (especially a beginner) should know that an icy road is a great danger. Naturally, going on the road in winter by car, you must understand and remember that the risk of getting into an accident on ice or when it snows is more likely than good winter weather on dry asphalt.
The most common reason an accident on an icy road becomes the driver's inattention and ignorance of the basic rules of driving on ice. Of course, drivers with insufficient driving experience most often have problems with handling on slippery icy roads.
Do you know when accidents occur most often on icy roads? At the beginning winter season... There are several reasons for this.
Firstly, one must understand that often our authorities are not ready for unexpected icing of roads. As a result, and this is often at the very beginning of the winter period, many roads are not yet properly treated with anti-icing agents and are not always cleared of snow in a timely manner. And this naturally directly affects the accident rate. In addition, many drivers at the beginning of winter delay until the last with changing tires, which ultimately also leads to an increase in road accidents. Don't forget about the newbie drivers who are coming for the first time. They also frequently get involved in road accidents on icy roads due to lack of driving experience.
The most dangerous are those days when the temperature from plus values \u200b\u200bsharply turns into minus ones. It is on such days that the maximum accident rate on the road is observed. Therefore, if you are a beginner driver and for you this is the first winter period while driving, we advise you to simply give up driving, or choose simple road sections.
But as we said above, ice on the road does not mean that you have to leave the car at home until spring. You can ride in any conditions. If you take care of the precautions, that is, you are extremely careful and vigilant on the road, then you can drive safely even in difficult winter conditions.
We've put together some tips for you to drive safely when the roads are slippery due to ice.
Refuse to travel in severe icy conditions
If there is a lot of ice on the roads, then before driving, ask yourself the question - do you need to use the car today? If your car trip is not urgent, then maybe it is better to refrain from the temptation to get behind the wheel? Remember that driving on ice is not the best solutionif you don't need to go anywhere. if you can refuse to travel by car today?
Don't forget the following, even if you are confident and experienced driverIf you are not afraid to drive on an icy road, this does not mean that you will not get into an accident. It is imperative to keep in mind that the road is full of inexperienced and inattentive drivers who can become the culprits of an accident, and therefore damage your car. This is especially true for difficult winter conditions. Naturally, in severe icy conditions, your car may be much more worn out than in dry weather. Therefore, we advise you, if there is such an opportunity, then it is better to refuse to travel by car during icy conditions.
Slow down
When on the street in winter time the weather deteriorates and the roads become slippery, then each driver must immediately reduce the speed of the car. Remember that on slippery icy roads or on clear ice, the braking distance can increase by 10 times. In addition, and in some cases (when the car hits the clean ice with all wheels), the car may be left without brakes at all due to the lack of adhesion to the road surface.
Please note that even very low speeds there is no risk of skidding. Especially when braking or when cornering.
Therefore, you must enter corners at a low speed. And on a slippery and icy road, you should completely forget about hard pressing on the pedals. Otherwise, it will lead to an accident. Press the accelerator and brake pedals smoothly. Do not jerk the steering wheel abruptly. Otherwise, you run the risk of the car going into a skid.
Also, always rely on how you feel. For example, if you think that the speed of 30 km / h is too high, then be sure to reduce it even if this is not justified for the given road situation. Your fear may not be casual. That is, if something worries you and you are afraid, then never ignore your feelings. In this case, simply slow down until you feel more confident behind the wheel.
Braking by transmission
Driving on icy roads is in principle based, as we said, on the smooth movements of the steering wheel, on observing speed mode and on smooth operation with the gas and brake pedal.
Including, do not forget about the importance of the gearbox itself, which in some cases can help you slow down the car. Here's how you can slow down with mechanical box gear.
In short, speed braking is a driving technique in which, for braking, it is necessary to engage a lower gear on the manual transmission.
In case of danger on the road, the most important thing is not to panic, do not rush to kick the brake pedal out of fear, thus sinking it to the floor. Remember, even if your car is equipped with an ABS system, which is designed to combat wheel locking during braking, the laws of physics have not yet been canceled. Therefore, you should know that there is always a limit to everything. So be aware that if you are wrong, ABS will not help you.
You should be aware that this is not very effective on ice. So if you're counting on an icy road to aBS system, then it will not help you, you are deeply mistaken.
We also want to note the following. If you are driving on a heavily icy road, be sure to slow down in front of dangerous sections of the road. For example, if you saw in the front that the road is going or went down, then be sure to reduce the speed by half, and if there is solid ice on the road, then brake by turning on downshift... In this way, you reduce the need to use the brake pedal to the very minimum.
Plan your route in advance
Also. If you do not plan your route in advance, then due to difficult winter conditions, you can unexpectedly find yourself on dangerous sections of the road, where solid ice could have formed. Therefore, we recommend that you plan your route in advance and with the help of a navigator in case of severe ice on the roads, in order to track the entire traffic situation. Also try to get your route along major highways. This way you will reduce the risk of your car hitting a dangerous road section. Do you know how to reduce the risk of a car hitting the ice to a minimum, especially in the city? It's simple. Lay out routes where city buses run. Most likely, the road on their route will be safer.
Does your car have an outside temperature sensor? Yes? Then watch her. The fact is that sitting in a warm, heated car, we can lull ourselves to sleep with a false sense of security without even realizing that the severe frost... Especially when there was a sharp temperature drop, from plus to minus. In this case, if you do not monitor the temperature, you may not know that strong ice may have formed on the roads. As a result, once on the road, you may not be ready for ice or ice on the road. Remember that ice will form on the road even when weak minus and at a small positive temperature. This can especially occur on overpasses, on bridges and on low-lying sections of the road. So please be vigilant and control the temperature outside.
Prepare your car
In addition to your regular ice scraper, always carry a fully charged mobile phonewhich will help you in case emergency... Also, your car must have a cable, winter clothing, an emergency stop sign, a shovel, etc. accessories. Also, if you often travel outside the city, we advise you to carry old rubber floor mats with you in the trunk, which you can put under the wheels in the event that you suddenly get stuck in the snow, or in the event that you cannot move out of - wheel slippage on ice.
Including, you should always be confident in your car before driving. Before setting off, check that everything works in the car. Be sure to check if functions such as heating work in the machine. rear windowlike heated side mirrors, etc.
Know what to do in an emergency
If your car starts to slip and lose control, then:
On a front-wheel drive vehicle, turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction to the skid, while applying gas.
On a rear-wheel drive car, turn the front wheels to the side of the skid and release the accelerator pedal.
On all-wheel drive, you need to work with the gas pedal delicately. We turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid that has arisen by adding or reducing the gas supply and taking the car out of a difficult situation.
ATTENTION! Without practice in critical situation your actions are doomed to failure, even if you read ten hefty books on the theory of extreme driving. Therefore, it is definitely worth thinking about the practical exercises themselves.
If skidding, do not use the brake pedal as the brakes will most likely not help. In this case, you will most likely only aggravate the situation due to the fact that the wheels of the car will be blocked and when braking it will move further (more precisely, slide).
If you're stuck in the snow, place an old rubber mat or an old bag under the drive wheels. Now try to drive out slowly. Perhaps stuck in the snow your wheels are dripping loose snow just slide on ice that is under the snow and is not visible. It may be so, in order to get out and leave you will also need a shovel.
Do not twitch
If you are the owner all-wheel drive crossover or an SUV with a full 4x4 drive, and if you are still a beginner, in the very first winter period you may get a false one. The most interesting thing is that not only newbie drivers experience this feeling. The thing is that the landing height and four-wheel drive create a feeling of our invincibility on the road in winter. For example, many 4WD SUV owners are beginning to feel like they own an all-terrain vehicle that can safely cross Antarctica.
It is this feeling that creates false road safety.
Remember that SUVs cannot abolish the laws of physics. You must understand that your SUV, like any a car can not only easily get stuck in the snow, but also actually lose traction. This is especially true of movement on ice. On such slippery surfaces, the SUV's flotation advantage usually disappears.
Driving on ice is a very important skill for any driver. And no matter what used - studded, studless or generally summer. In any case, skill is necessary. The only difference is in the limit of adhesion properties.
The basis of the basics is the ability to catch the moment when the wheels begin to slip and competently balance on this edge... And if, for good studded tires, slipping starts at a sufficiently high speed of rotation of the wheels, which most often allows you to get under way in first gear with enough high revs engine, then in the case of tires with poorer adhesion properties, slipping will begin earlier. This means that it becomes impossible to get under way in first gear without slipping, and you have to experiment with the choice of gear and rpm.
Having found the moment of the beginning of slipping, it is necessary to gradually increase the fuel supply. Everything - started. It is important not to "roll out" the ice hole under the wheel during experiments. In this case, it will be much more difficult to get under way. But in order to "roll out" the coating, just a few slips are enough.
What to do if the coating still “rolled out” and it is no longer possible to move in the usual way? It is necessary in some way to increase the grip of either the tires or the surface. Most tricky way associated with a change in the distribution of masses along the axes. Adding the drive axle - we increase the grip properties. A neat option is to use the brake. This works great for front-wheel drive.
The algorithm is quite simple - within the framework of the "rolled" section, we return it back (usually it is easier) and after spinning the engine up to the revolutions at which slipping begins, we sharply press the brake. In this situation, the car "leans" forward, adding load to the front axle, but at the same time continues to move forward due to inertia. The first experience will most likely lead to the engine stalling. But at the same time, you have a great chance that you overstepped the "rolled" section.
If this method does not help, then you will have to increase the adhesion properties of the coating. Sand, loose snow, branches. Everything is about the same as in the case of a summer stuck in a rut on a country road. But the most faithful and quick way - use of special ladders. Branded products are special plastic or rubber mats with notches that improve adhesion. It is enough to put them under the drive wheels to confidently drive the slippery area. If you do not have them, then there is a "old-fashioned" way - to use rubber floor mats from the passenger compartment.
However, all these tricks can be avoided by using high quality winter tires. The limit of their grip is sufficient for pulling off even on bare ice. Leading manufacturers make sure to carry out a similar test for all their winter models. The only condition is to prevent slipping.
