Named by the name of the American engineer ford Earle Steele Macpherson (Earle Steele Macpherson), first applied it on a serial car models Ford. Vedette 1948. Later she was used on cars Ford. Zephyr (1950) and Ford Consul (1951). It is the most common type of independent suspension, which is used on the front axle of the car.
By its design, MacPherson suspension is the development of suspension on double transverse levers in which the top cross lever Replaced with a shock absorbing rack. Due to the compactness design, the McPherson suspension is widely used on the front-wheel drive passenger carsmobile, as it allows crossing the engine, gearbox and other hinged equipment In the windscarette space. The main advantage this type The suspension is the simplicity of the design, as well as the big move of the suspension that prevents breakdowns. At the same time, the design features of the suspension (the hinge attachment of the shock absorbing rack, the big move) lead to a significant change in the column of the wheels (the angle of tilt the wheel to the vertical plane). In the turn, the collapse goes in a plus, the wheel seems to be converted to the car, due to the sharply deteriorating the ability of the car to pass on high speed. This is the main minus suspension MacPherson, which is why this type of suspension is not applied to sports cars and premium cars.
MacPherson suspension has the following device:
1. Spring
2. Rack of shock absorber
3. Tract stabilizer transverse stability
4. Cross lever with ballproof
5. Subframe
6. Swivel fist
The suspension is attached to the body through a subframe, which is a supporting structure. It is hard attached to the body or through silent blocks to reduce vibrations transmitted to the body. Two triangular transverse levers are attached to the side of the subframe, which are connected through a ball joint with a swivel fist. The swivel fist turns the wheel due to the steering thrust which is attached to the side. Shock absorbers with springs installed on them are attached directly to the steering fist. Two thrust from the shock absorber of transverse resistance are suitable for shock absorbers through ball joints that are responsible for transverse stability. As you can see the suspension device is sufficient enough to describe it in 3 lines.
Advantages and disadvantages
pros
+ Low cost
+ Easily serviced
+ compactness
- bad handling in turns
- Transfer noise of road surface on the body
Video work suspension MacPherson:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\u003di7xjo3f476m.
2. Double suspension ( Double Wishbone Suspension.)
Unfortunately, it is still reliably known, who first invented a double suspension, for the first time it appeared in the early 30s on the Packard brand cars. This company was based in the heart of American automotive industry city - Detroit. The first car brand Pakard came up from the conveyor in 1899, the latter was built in 1958. After the 30s many american cars It became equipped with a two-dimensional suspension, which the nerd say about Europe, because Because of the size of the car, there was not enough space to accommodate such a suspension. From those a lot of time passed and now the suspension on double transverse levers is considered an ideal type of independent suspension. Because of their constructive features It provides the best control over the position of the wheel relative to the road, because double levers always hold the wheel perpendicular to the road, for this reason the handling of such cars is much better.
Duct suspension can be used on the front and rear axis of the car. The suspension is used as anterior suspension on many sports cars, representative and business class sedans, as well as on the Formula One cars.
Double suspension device:
1. Upper transverse lever
2. Shock absorber
3. Spring
4. Drive shaft
5. Steering craving
6. Lower transverse lever
The suspension design on double transverse levers includes two transverse lever, spring and shock absorber.
Lever arm May have a Y-shaped or U-shaped form. In contrast to MacPherson, there are two levers, each of the levers is attached to the body through the silent blocks and to a twilty fist through a ball connection. The top lever, as a rule, has a smaller length, which gives negative corner The collapse of the wheels in compression and positive - with tension (sweat). This property gives additional sustainability by car when turning turns, leaving the wheel perpendicular road regardless of the body position.
Advantages and disadvantages
pros
+ perpendicular wheel position relative to the road in turns
+ resistance to Cute
+ Improved handling
Minuses
- big size
- Cost
- laborious service
Video operation of double suspension
3. Multi-dimensional suspension (MULTILINK).
Further development of a double-end suspension. This is the most common suspension on the rear axle at the moment. This is caused by the fact that when using a double-end suspension when braking or discharge gas (on rear-wheel drive vehicles), an angle change occurs rear wheels. Because The suspension is attached to the subframe through Silent blocks that are deformed when braking and rear wheels Start looking out. In this phenomenon, it would seem anything terrible, but imagine that you went over at a speed in the turn and decided to resort to braking, to slow down in turn in myself no longer a good idea. And here also the external loaded wheel begins to watch the turn, the car very quickly acquires excessive turning and consequences can be the most sad. You can prevent this phenomenon by replacing Silent blocks to hinged connections, but then comfort will suffer very much, because I do not want to knock your teeth on the bumps. Therefore, engineers went to another way.
Multi-dimensional suspension - complicated, but effective method Give the car the maximum possible clutch with the road. But how does it work and why is becoming more common?
Some parts of the car were named in such a way that not every newcomer will understand complex terms. What expansion tank, planetary gearboxes and banjo fittings, not everyone knows. In this list of "Secret Elements" there is no one level - multi-dimensional suspension. Everyone heard about her and know almost everything. This is a suspension ... made of several components of the links - levers.
While the racks technically need only two suspension levers for normal work The collected scheme, a multi-dimensional suspension needs a minimum of three lateral levers and one vertical or longitudinal element. The purpose of each link is to limit and / or prevent the batch of the axis in six degrees of freedom: up and down, left and right, back and forth. Sometimes some levers are equipped with the hinge compounds needed to achieve the desired gap (clearance) around when the predetermined angle of attacking attacks to the hub is met.
Together, the constituent structures set the wheel at the desired point and form a rigid, but mobile frame attached to the hub, which prevents not only the free movement of the latter, but also creates the necessary kinematics of the movable parts of the car suspension.
Each lever is installed on special connections (hinges are located at both ends of the lever) and can only move vertically during the movement of the suspension. This is the only one free move For them, unless there was a breakdown: broke the lever, it loosened the articulation or torn off the fastener from the body.
The design "Multilink" is usually equipped with 4 or 5 levers (Different designs require a different number of links), allowing independently suspension wheel to combine two important properties: quality ride and handling. Since the suspension is fixed rigidly relative to the side and horizontal (in the longitudinal direction) of the movement, the car equipped with such a suspension will not be overly pulling towards the turns, as it happens in other structures, but it will also get smooth, independent movement of wheels even on big irregularities .
It is noteworthy that the multi-dimensional type of suspension, the standard associated with an independent suspension, is not only applied to it. Leading bridges also often use multi-type elements reinforced by cross-stability stabilizer, cross-steering barbell or transverse reactive panar bar, and, of course, springs and shock absorbers. The continuous axes on the multi-section suspension is cheap, constructively simple - that is why they were so long in the USA. Americans love simple and reliable designs.
Bridge "suspended" on a multi-section suspension
But one of the main advantages of multilink-connections is that engineers can change one of the suspension parameters without global intervention in the design and deterioration of the entire system. For example, in the design with double transverse levers you should always make changes to both suspension elements, in two levers and their fasteners, like it or not. And finally, the multi-dimensional suspension is also able to hold the wheel more or less perpendicular to the road, increasing the contact surface and tire clutch.
In the past, multi-dimensional elastic elements were too expensive for installation on ordinary cars (echoes of those times perfectly visible on premium cars It seems, BMW, Mercedes-Benz), but in recent years the cost has declined, and the various interpretations of this decision found the use even in front-wheel-drive hatchbacks. Usually four levers are installed behind, in front, still put less expensive MacPherson.
For the most part, these multi-type elements replaced cheaper longitudinal levers. The latter also had progressive potential at work and increased useful volume. luggage compartmentBut they could not boast of high ride comfort.
Multi-link suspensions are also used in front of the car according to the scheme, where one of the levers is attached to the steering rake. Rare engineering is a community, but still meets. Some BMW use multi-dimensional front suspension elements, Hyundai also tried to do a similar experiment with its Genesis.
The concept of suspension entered the use of still at the dawn of the automotive industry. But own developments At that time, there were still no cars received this node inherited from the manpiece. Such moments as soft, comfort, manageability did not even mention.
For maximum speed The first cars of 6 km / h These questions were not at all relevant. But over time, the suspension on longitudinal elliptic springs have become unsuitable for operation.
On the large speeds The chassis requirements have changed, therefore, a double-handed structure was invented in the pre-war years, which is successfully applied to the present.
Double suspension device
A two-dimensional suspension can be called a prototype of other structures, since its modification led to a number of new solutions. The separation of the upper lever into two separate brought into the light. And the replacement of the upper lever with a telescopic rack underlies the idea.
Two-way suspension, as seen from the name, consists of two transverse levers, upper and lower, which are installed one below the other.
Lower lever Fucks moving towards the body. It is necessary to describe the method of fastening. The fact is that the carrier part of such suspension is the beam or subframe. Such a solution provoked by huge loads on the body, which led to its destruction. The mobility of the lever provide silent blocks.
Upper lever Can be attached to the body or to the beam. This is not so fundamentally, because all the load goes on the spring, and the top lever plays the role of support for the hub. From the opposite sides on the levers are constructed ball supports For fastening swivel fist and ensuring its rotation relative to the vertical axis.
The main elastic element that makes over all blows when driving irregularities is spring. It is performed with different turns of turns to avoid resonance.
Nowadays Multi-dimensional suspension, The history of which originates from the middle of the last century, is the most common type of fastening the rear axle of the car. The first samples with double transverse levers were installed on racing barges Cooper.
Multi-dimensional suspension - what is it?
The first serial car on which the new type suspension was installed, was Jaguar E-Type 1961 release. Over time, she successfully began to apply on the front axle of cars, such as, for example, on some models Audi.. The use of multi-dimensional suspension gives the car an amazing smoothness of movement, excellent handling and helps to reduce noise.
In this design, the mounting of the wheel hub is carried out using four levers, which allows adjustment in longitudinal and transverse planes. The design of the multi-section consists of the following nodes and parts:
- longitudinal levers;
- transverse levers;
- stretcher;
- support hub;
- shock absorbers;
- springs.
The main carrier element of the suspension is a subframe, transverse levers are fixed, connected to the hub support, which in turn provides its transverse position. Multi-type rear suspensionwhich is installed on modern cars, consists of three or five transverse levers.
How does a multi-type rear suspension work?
Standard equipment includes upper, front bottom and rear lower levers. The transmission of the front transverse effort is carried out upper lever, it also serves to connect the wheel support with a subframe. The rear lower lever accounts for a significant part of the weight of the body of the car transmitted through the spring.
The longitudinal lever holds the wheels in the direction of the longitudinal axis, the mounting K is carried out using support. The opposite edge of the lever is connected to the support hub. The bearings and fasteners of the wheels are located on this element. Shock absorbers and springs in most cases are installed separately.
To reduce the corner of the car's roll during turning in a multi-dimensional suspension, a transverse stability stabilizer is used. It is fastened with the help of rubber supports, and special thrust join the rods with the hub supports. Like any other car node, an independent multi-dimensional suspension requires care and timely repairs.
Independent suspension - do it yourself put it in order
The main defects of the suspension, which manifest themselves after passing 40,000-80,000 km, is a knock and creakwhich are clearly audible even in the cabin of the car while driving along a bumpy road. What is it connected with? The knock arises for several reasons, they can be both serious and not very. In any case, an independent suspension should urgently be repaired, you can do it with your own hands, if the repair is to replace parts or tightening threaded connections, in other cases it is not necessary without visiting a hundred.
The first thing to determine the cause, conduct visual diagnostics of the suspension. To do this, the car should be driven by watching pit Or take advantage of the jack, as in the unloaded state this node of the car willingly show its defects. Yes, and you will make it easier for it. Let's just say, if you are not a high-level fitter, then arows the guide to your car, which always comes in the kit when buying.
Remember that the knock in the suspension area can be caused not only to the malfunction of this part, but also a breakdown of other elements of your vehicles, such as steering, or shruses.
So, you are located in a convenient zone for inspection of the front suspension. Remove the shock absorbers and carefully inspect them for cracks. Check out the integrity of ball supports, lever, bar, silent blocks. Pay attention to all fastening bolts and rubber seals. Nowhere should there be cracks, breaks, cuts and other damage. Carefully pass around the perimeter of the body: where parts relate to the body, there must be a whole and unsaturable rubber gasket.
If some "noebs" are clearly visible, appreciate your forces, can you unscrew the damaged part and insert a new one, is the sequence of assembling a damaged node, it is clear whether the scheme is shown in the car's operation book. If you do not be able, or externally everything turned out to be the whole, then it's time to visit a hundred.
Rear suspension diagnostics and repair
Now go to the rear suspension. There are less details, but it does not mean that you need to be less attentive. Again, we start everything from shock absorbers. Further your attention should be given traction and seals. The feature of the rear suspension is the neighborhood exhaust pipe, which can also produce a sound suspension, if it is poorly fixed, loosened or leaned against some detail, creating friction and tapping. The muffler carefully examines, you can shift it in different directions, it is likely that it will remove the strange knock, also inspect the mount.
So, the inspection is completed, the nodes are tightened, partial replacement Produced. Perhaps this is the "first help" of your car. Other repairs will require more complex technical Equipment and qualifications. Do not be lazy to climb the car under the "abdomen", if you heard a suspicious knock. Naturally, you will repair any malfunction for a hundred, but there is a chance that you simply overpay in a minute replacement of rubber gasket or for some more minor operation.
The car suspension is a totality of elements that provide an elastic connection between the body (frame) and wheels (bridges) of the car. Mainly the suspension is intended to reduce the intensity of vibration and dynamic loads (blows, jolts), operating per person, transported goods or elements of the car design when it is moved along an uneven road. At the same time, it should ensure constant contact of the wheel with a road surface and effectively transfer the leading force and braking force without deviating the wheels from the corresponding position. Proper work The suspension makes the car control comfortable and safe. Despite the seeming simplicity, the suspension is one of the most important systems of the modern car and the history of its existence has undergone significant changes and improvements.
History of appearance
Attempts to make movement vehicle Softer and more comfortable were made in Karet. Initially, the axes of the wheels were hard to fastened to the housing, and each road irregularity was transferred to the passengers sitting inside. Only soft pillows on the seats could increase the level of comfort.
Dependent suspension with transverse resort location
In the first way, to create an elastic "layer" between the wheels and the body of the carriage was the use of elliptic springs. Later, this decision was also borrowed for the car. However, the spring has already become semi-elliptical and could be installed transversely. The car with such a suspension was poorly controlled even at low speed. Therefore, soon the springs began to install longitudinally for each wheel.
The development of the automotive industry led the evolution of the suspension. Currently there are dozens of their varieties.
The main functions and characteristics of the car suspension
Each suspension has its own characteristics and performance that directly affect manageability, comfort and safety of passengers. However, any suspension regardless of its type should perform the following functions:
- Absorption of blows and shocks on the road To reduce loads on the body and improving the comfort of movement.
- Stabilization of the car while driving By providing permanent contact of the wheel tire with road coating and limitations of excessive bruises of the body.
- Saving a given geometry of movement and wheel position To preserve the accuracy of the steering during movement and braking.
Drift car with hard suspension The rigid car suspension is suitable for a dynamic driving at which an instantaneous and accurate response to the driver's actions is required. It provides a small ground clearance, maximum stability, rinse resistance and body swinging. It is used mainly on sports cars.
Luxury car with energy-intensive suspension In most passenger cars, a soft suspension is used. It smoothes irregularly as possible, but makes the car somewhat roll and worse managed. If adjustable rigidity is required, a screw suspension is mounted on the car. It is a rack shock absorbers with a variable spring tension force.
SUV with long-time suspension The movement of the suspension is the distance from the extreme upper position of the wheel when compressing to the extreme bottom when hanging the wheels. The suspension stroke is largely determined by the "off-road" vehicles of the car. The more its value, the greater the obstacle can be overcome without hitting the limiter or without saving leading wheels.
Suspension device
Any car suspension consists of the following main elements:
- Elastic device - Perceives loads from the irregularities of the road surface. Views: springs, springs, pneumatic elements, etc.
- Demmp- Has the body fluctuations when driving through irregularities. Views: all types.
- Guide device— Provides a specified movement of the wheel relative to the body. Views:levers, transverse and jet thrust, springs. To change the direction of impact on the damping element in the sports suspensions of Pull-Rod and Push-Rod, rockers are used.
- Stabilizer transverse stability - Reduces the transverse body roll.
- Rubber metal hinges- provide an elastic connection of the suspension elements with the body. Partially amortized, soften the blows and vibrations. Views: Silent blocks and sleeves.
- Stroke suspension limiters - limit the move the suspension in extreme positions.
Suspension classification
Mostly pendants are divided into two large types: and independent. This classification is determined kinematic scheme The guide device suspension.
Dependent suspension
Wheels are rigidly connected via beam or continuous bridge. The vertical position of the pair of wheels relative to the total axis does not change, the front wheels are rotary. The rear suspension device is similar. It happens spring, spring or pneumatic. In the case of the installation of springs or pneumobalon, it is necessary to use special traction to fix bridges from moving.
Differences dependent and independent suspension - easy and reliable in operation;
- high load capacity.
- bad handling;
- bad stability at high speeds;
- little comfortable.
Independent suspension
Wheels can change the vertical position relative to each other, while remaining in the same plane.
- good handling;
- good car stability;
- large comfortable.
- more expensive and complex design;
- less reliability during operation.
Semi-dependent suspension Semi-dependent suspension or torsion beam - This is an intermediate solution between the dependent and independent suspension. The wheels still remain associated, but there is the possibility of their small movement relative to each other. This property is ensured due to the elastic properties of the P-shaped beam connecting the wheels. Such a suspension is mainly used as the rear suspension budget cars.
Types of independent suspension
MacPherson
- the most common front axle suspension modern cars. The bottom lever is connected to the hub by means of a ball support. Depending on its configuration, a longitudinal can be applied. jet thrust. A shock absorption rack with a spring is fastened to the hub node, its upper support is fixed on the body.
The transverse thrust, fixed on the body and connecting both levers, is a stabilizer, counteracts the car roll. The lower balloons and the bearing cup of the rack-shock absorber make it possible for rotation of the wheel.
The details of the rear suspension are made by the same principle, the difference lies only in the absence of the possibility of rotation of the wheels. The lower lever is replaced with longitudinal and transverse thrust fixing the hub.
- simplicity of design;
- compactness;
- reliability;
- inexpensive in production and repair.
- average handling.
Double front suspension
A more efficient and complex design. The upper point of fastening the hub is the second transverse lever. Spring or torsion can be used as an elastic element. The rear suspension has a similar structure. Similar suspension scheme provides better car handling.
Air suspension
Pneumatic suspension The role of the springs in this suspension is performed by pneumatic bullons with compressed air. When it is possible to adjust the height of the body. It also improves the smoothness of the course. Used on luxury cars.
Hydraulic suspension
Height adjustment and rigidity LEXUS hydraulic Shock absorbers are connected to a single closed contour with hydraulic fluid. makes it possible to adjust stiffness and height road Suit. If there is a control electron in the car, as well as the functions, it is independently adjusted to the conditions of the road and driving.
Sports independent suspension
Print suspension (Koyovelers) Print suspension, or coilovers - depreciation racks with the ability to adjust stiffness directly by car. Thanks threaded compound The lower resistance of the spring can be adjusted its height, as well as the magnitude of the road lumen.
