An article about what the software of a modern car is. Features of software, processes and technologies. At the end of the article - an interesting video about 5 necessary life hacks for your car!
Review content:
No modern car can be imagined without electronic filling, which requires complex software. When driving a car, we almost do not think about what processes are taking place inside it - there is no monitor like a computer, which means that the action of programs is not visualized, as if they did not exist. But they are.
Features of car software
The modern software for your vehicle is highly reliable, with an equipment failure rate of only one in a million operations over the course of a year, and then as an exception.
Now in every car there are several electronic control units (ECU) - electronic control unit, ECU, which interact with each other through the electronic network of the car.
The interaction between these blocks is carried out thanks to bus architectures, which are a set of controllers - CAN, controller area network, as well as a special network designed to transfer information from special digital equipment - MOST, media-oriented systems trans, FIexRay, as well as the Local interconnect system, (LIN).
If we compare the listed buses with Ethernet, which is intended for a PC, they work at a reduced speed, since the amount of data processed in cars is small. But this minimal amount of information should be processed literally in a matter of milliseconds.
As the number of ECUs grows, developers have to create sophisticated structures of intra-vehicle networks that require more complex structures. Let's look at the main difference between car software and digital technologies for other purposes.
- Reliability - the system programs of a car in a rather complex ECU network during the entire period of use should work as reliably as possible;
- Safety of functions performed - ESC and the braking system must operate flawlessly, and this already implies quite serious requirements for software and for the very process of their development;
- Interaction speed - instantaneous reaction of electronic components of a car (up to milliseconds) is impossible without a special software architecture and improved operating systems;
- Robust architecture - vehicle software must maximize electromagnetic compatibility and resist the effects of distorted signals;
- Communication of nodes of the electronic-mechanical cycle.
Main components of ECU
The ECU is a rather complex board with hundreds of other elements besides the microcontroller. Let's take a look at the main details.
- Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) - this equipment is designed to take readings from certain automotive sensors, including an oxygen sensor. The fact is that the processor is able to perceive only digital values, and, for example, the oxygen indicator produces only electrical signals with a voltage from 0 to 1.1V. The ADC converts this data to a ten-bit binary number so that the processor can understand it.
- Driver is a program designed to control digital equipment by converting signals.
- Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) - Provides analog signals to start specific components of a vehicle engine.
- Communication Chip - These chips enable a wide variety of communication standards found in a vehicle. There are several such standards in production, but the most common of them is CAN - Controller-Area Networking. It provides a speed of 500 k / bit per second, which is extremely necessary for modules that perform up to hundreds of operations per second.
Processes and technology
A lot has changed since the first car software was introduced. If initially only one manufacturer could control the software, now it has become almost impossible.
Initially, assembly language was used as software in the last century. The Xi language began to spread in the 90s. Robert Bosch and many other vendors have started to develop software using Mathlab / Simulink and ASCET (control and simulation technologies).
Systems cAN bus make car software quite complex. The reason is that they do not exclude interactions between programs of different ECUs. Modern luxury cars can contain a complex network of 80 ECUs with a total of 100 million lines of code.
Due to the fact that software is constantly becoming more complex, it becomes necessary to improve engineering technologies. Therefore, parallel technical and organizational processes are constantly emerging in the industry for the consciousness of new software.
Engineering solutions at the process and architecture level are also becoming one of the main conditions for outsourcing. In this regard, the company Bosch began to give some developments to the side since the beginning of the 90s of the last century.
Currently, work on software for vehicles is carried out by several associations distributed around the world. And this kind of activity has become quite optimal for the business.
Engine management
International regulations on environmental issues require a reduction in fuel consumption of vehicles and a corresponding reduction in environmental pollution. This means that there is incentive to improve the transmission in order to ensure optimal fuel injection and ignition timing.
For example, modern diesel engines are capable of injecting fuel in a minimum amount of seven times per stroke. And this is for a four-cylinder engine that develops a rotational speed of up to 1800 rpm, it is 420 times per second. All this requires new software functions and more sophisticated control algorithms in order to minimize any deviations.
The need to reduce harmful emissions demanded updated technologies and methods of traffic support. Therefore, supplementing conventional engines internal combustion, in the future, electric motors and mixed designs will own the lion's share of the car market. In addition, the need for alternative fuels will increase, and software will be the main lever to address these challenges.
The vehicle transmission control center is the engine control module. Modern modules have a volume of more than 2 megabytes of digital memory and operate at a clock frequency of up to 160 MHz. This involves programs up to 300 thousand lines of code.
Standardization
When developing modern digital programs for cars, the specificity of the required ECU is clearly taken into account: the software directly interacts with certain equipment. With the ever-increasing number of automotive ECUs, software recycling is becoming a priority. Therefore, in such a situation, it is appropriate to talk about standardization.
In 2003, the Automotive Open System Architecture (Autosar) was formed by suppliers and manufacturers. The purpose of the organization is to fulfill a common standard and uniform technologies. Today this association includes over 150 organizations, which together develop the new ECU structure, basic software and everything needed to create working software.
This kind of interaction involves the creation of nodes that are independent of the hardware. This allows suppliers and manufacturers to exchange designs and reuse them on a wide variety of ECUs.
The structure of Autosar is composed of several abstract layers in which software is separated from hardware. At the very top is the application software that implements all applied activities. Below is the basic, nominal software. It guarantees the desired abstraction from the hardware, just as it happens, for example, in a personal computer. The Autosar Runtime Environment handles communications within the ECU.
The Autosar technology contains all the necessary exchange formats and templates that are used both for generating and configuring the infrastructure, and for describing it.
The most common in the modern automotive industry are (high speed) Ethernet buses. They reliably support communication between ECUs as well as new options, including with regard to safety.
The most diverse information is qualitatively analyzed in order to create an objective model of the environment, which makes it possible to form new options that support the driver in extreme cases.
For example, a driver was distracted by a passenger while driving. In this case, the application detects the braking of the vehicle in front, then warns the driver or activates the braking on its own. By the way, the driver may not even immediately know about the presence of such software until he finds himself in a dangerous position.
Conclusion
In the modern automotive industry, the prerequisites for the next scientific and technological revolution in the field of software development are emerging today, because digital technologies and the capabilities of consumer electronics are beginning to be used more widely. The time is not far off when cars will start connecting to the Internet through all landline and mobile devices. And at the same time, the role of free software for solving practical problems will increase.
5 necessary life hacks for a car - in the video:
A little preface
Instead of writing 3 separate articles on similar topics, I decided to combine these 3 articles into one. I just wrote them at the beginning, and they were already ready for me, and then I already intended to make such a union 🙄 ➡.
What kind of records are these?
- Review of automotive scanners for diagnostics.
- Diagnostic equipment for cars.
- Multibrand scanners for auto diagnostics. Which to choose?
Article 1. Overview of automotive scanners for diagnostics
Automotive scanners are designed to diagnose an electronic vehicle control unit. With their help, you can not only identify possible reason malfunction, but also to optimize the system parameters.
Classification of automotive scanners
There are several types of automotive scanners currently available. In addition to the manufacturer's brand, they differ in a set of functions, a principle of operation and a set of valid diagnostic protocols. 
Despite these differences, they are designed to perform one type of task - diagnosing vehicle parameters, determining the cause of a malfunction, or improving actual performance. With a dedicated connector
the scanner is connected to the on-board computer of the car.
Basic selection parameters:
- The presence of the OBD-II protocol. Despite the fact that it was originally intended only for cars manufactured in the United States, the protocol began to be applied in Europe. Since 2001 - for brands with gasoline engine and since 2004 - for diesel models;
- Scanner type: multi-brand or single-brand. With the help of the first model, you can make diagnostics of almost all car models. Single-brand are classified as professional diagnostic equipment;
- Information output method. There is a conditional division according to this criterion - connection to a computer or the presence of a graphical display of information and parameter changes in the device;
- Interface Russification. In the menu of most models, there is Russian in the language selection option. If this is not the case, then to get an autoscanner for diagnosing cars in Russian, you need firmware;
- Possibility of software updates.
After analyzing these characteristics, you can start choosing the optimal scanner model for car diagnostics.
Multibrand scanners: an overview of popular models, prices
Multibrand scanners for car diagnostics and firmware are designed for testing cars of various brands. Their disadvantage is the relatively low degree of data reliability. Despite its versatility for
for analyzing the characteristics of a particular car, you need to purchase special software that is not supplied as standard.
Carman scan at
Belongs to the category of professional equipment. Externally, the device is a large-format liquid crystal display with controls. For connection to on-board computers different types there is a set of adapters. 
The device is intended for a service station, use for personal purposes is impractical due to the high cost.
The average price for the Carman Scan AT autoscanner is 203 thousand rubles.
Technical and operational features:
- Work with almost all Asian car brands, some European and American brands. It is possible to activate the Russian interface language;
- A complete set of diagnostic functions and fixes for found errors;
- Connecting to a computer and installing additional units via the USB connector.
The disadvantage of this model is partial Russification. To solve the problem, you need a professional firmware, and then you will receive an excellent autoscanner for diagnosing cars in Russian.
Launch X-431 for Android
The main difference from the above device is the ability to connect to a smartphone or tablet that runs on Android and IOS systems. Consists of an adapter connecting the PC to the on-board computer. In the menu you can
choose Russian. 
Thanks to constantly updated software, the user can download a software package for diagnosing a specific car brand. But, like all scanners of this type, there is a relatively small set of features:
- Reading and troubleshooting;
- Control over the current parameters of the system;
- Display of information about the car.
Within a year after purchase, the user can download the updated software from the developer's website for free. In the future, you will have to pay. The average price of the X-431 auto scanner is 30,700 rubles.
Ultrascan Pro
Belongs to the category of professional scanners for car diagnostics and firmware. The package includes an electronic unit with a liquid crystal display and a set of adapters for connecting to a car. The advantage is
the presence of a four-channel oscilloscope. 
With this device, you can diagnose different brands and models of machines. Besides standard set functions for such equipment are such technical features Scanner Ultrascan Pro:
- Receiving current information from sensors: the number of engine revolutions, mains voltage, the actual speed of the car, etc.;
- Black box function. The device records data on the operation of car components while driving. In the future, using this information, you can optimize the parameters, reveal a latent malfunction;
- Ability to reset service intervals.
The price of this device is high and amounts to 290 thousand rubles. However, its versatility and the ability to simultaneously perform several operations will help to optimize the work of the workshop.
Single Brand Scanners
These models are for car diagnostics specific brands... The main area of \u200b\u200bapplication is the equipment of specialized service stations and car services. Often, machine manufacturers are engaged in the manufacture of such devices:
- Rheingold - BMW;
- VIDA DiCE - Volvo;
- Toyota Mini VCI - Toyota.
They have advanced functionality and are much more accurate in determining the actual parameters of the car than multibrand scanners. But narrow specialization does not allow their use at standard service stations.
Article 2. Diagnostic equipment for cars
Technological progress and steady improvement automotive engineering require the creation of special instruments and devices that allow timely detection and correct diagnosis of emerging faults in different
blocks, units and assemblies of the machine.
Almost no station today maintenance or a car repair shop cannot do without special diagnostic equipment. After all, the number of car service customers, and, consequently, the success of the business, largely depends on its availability and quality.
Already from the very term "diagnostic equipment" it follows that it is intended for diagnostics different systems and car assemblies. With its help, a specialist can check almost all parameters and characteristics of the machine, and the success of the repair depends on the exact detection of a breakdown. 
The range of modern diagnostic equipment is quite wide - these are universal portable and stationary multibrand scanners, motor testers, diagnostic computer centers, adjustment and adjustment stands, as well as equipment with a narrow specialization - opacimeters, backlash meters, gas analyzers, detectors, installations for cleaning injectors, stands for adjusting lighting equipment, etc.
It should be noted that if the first samples of auto scanners were fairly simple devices that only allow reading error codes, today's universal diagnostic equipment for cars has turned into
complex multifunctional complexes. 
The basis of diagnostic scanners, which are often called autoscanners, is a portable or stationary computer with pre-installed special software, equipped with a special communication cable.
to connect to the vehicle diagnostic port.
Depending on the model, autoscanners can be either a stand-alone device equipped with a built-in microprocessor and software, or a special attachment connected to a personal computer.
Diagnostic scanners are equipped with an electronic unit that connects to a universal diagnostic connector and reads information received from sensors installed on the main components and assemblies of the vehicle.
The information read by autoscanners is displayed in the format of error codes - special digital and alphabetic indices, each of which corresponds to a particular malfunction. In addition, using diagnostic scanners, you can detect even the smallest malfunctions in components and assemblies that are not equipped with sensors. Diagnostics in these cases is carried out taking into account the analysis of indirect signs.
Thus, the main and essential function of all autoscanners is the ability to carry out comprehensive diagnostics. Comprehensive diagnostics allows us to consider the car as a single system of components and assemblies and to conduct an analysis taking into account the interaction and connection of all elements.
The most important, but not the only criterion when choosing diagnostic equipment is coverage - i.e. a list of brands and models of cars compatible with the scanner, as well as a list of electronic systems and sensors from which
the device can receive information.
According to this parameter, all diagnostic equipment is divided into three large categories - brand scanners, multibrand scanners and dealer scanners. The main buyers of these devices are car services, stations
maintenance, private repair shops. Naturally, when purchasing autoscanners, it is necessary to take into account the specialization, capabilities and list of services offered by the service company.
Let's talk in more detail about the devices included in the above categories.
Brand auto scanners - the most massive and relatively cheap category of diagnostic equipment. They are generally designed to work with certain car brands. So, scanners of the VAG-COM model are compatible with
car brands produced by the VAG group, which includes VW, Audi, Skoda and SEAT, Opel OP-COM scanners work with Opel cars, MB Star Mercedes devices are designed for cars of the same name.
It should be borne in mind that these devices cannot work equally effectively with all car models manufactured by the companies. It is simply impossible to achieve an equally high level of unification and functionality of diagnostic scanners. In the line of branded scanners offered on the market,
the above-mentioned Opel OP-COM and VAG-COM models have functionality. However, it is worth noting that for all the breadth of their capabilities, these devices cannot compete with dealer auto scanners, which we will talk about.
below.
As a rule, the main users of branded autoscanners are small auto repair shops and service points that do not provide services for in-depth complex diagnostics. Often they are purchased by motorists who want
independently diagnose your car. Note that the popularity of branded scanners among motorists is growing from year to year, which is facilitated by their relatively affordable prices and ease of use.
Multibrand autoscanners have broader capabilities, since the functionality of these devices allows diagnostics of about forty different car brands. A wide range of devices is presented in this segment
from different manufacturers, among which there are unconditional leaders. However, when choosing devices, it should be borne in mind that the ideal option, suitable for all service centers without exception, has not yet been created. 
Experienced diagnostic specialists point out that ideal option for wide-profile car services is the purchase of two or three multibrand scanners with different coverage. So, one of the devices can be compatible with
most European car models, others must be adapted to the most popular Asian brands.
Thus, for the correct choice, many parameters should be taken into account, such as the model range of cars serviced in the car service, the depth of the diagnostics performed, the age of the serviced cars - some devices are designed to diagnose cars produced in 1990-2000, others are compatible with younger cars. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the execution format of autoscanners. Currently on the market are compact stand-alone devices with a color display, which are most convenient to use due to the fact that they do not restrict the movement of the specialist conducting the diagnosis. True, this comfort will have to pay a lot of money. Compared to standalone scanners, stationary devices with a black and white monitor are more
affordable. In addition, in the segment of multibrand scanners, there are also special software attachments that are connected to a standard personal computer. The advantages of such devices include
user-friendly interface, work with a well-known operating system, the ability to operate with wide information databases, the ability to save diagnostic results in the computer's memory, etc. Well, the disadvantage of these scanners is the impossibility of using them without connecting to a computer or laptop. 
Note that there is a widespread misconception among users that the price of equipment for diagnosing cars through a computer should be lower. However, this is not the case, because the market value of a device is not formed at the expense of its cost.
Well, since we are talking about prices, we will dwell on this important parameter in more detail, which often becomes decisive when choosing diagnostic equipment.
Multibrand scanners can be classified into three main groups by price:
- devices based on the K-L-Line adapter, depending on their functionality and configuration, are sold at prices ranging from $ 80 to $ 300.
- the equipment based on the Uniscan adapter has the functionality and capabilities of devices based on the K-L-Line, and also allows diagnostics of some electronic systems of cars manufactured before 2001. Such
scanners can be purchased for $ 350-700, depending on parameters and configuration. - the most expensive are multibrand scanners with maximum coverage by region and brand. Their cost ranges from $ 2,200 to $ 3,000.
Another important parameter when choosing a device is the interface language. Russified diagnostic equipment for cars in our market is widely represented, the Russian language has been introduced into the interface of most scanners. True, the quality of the translation is noticeably lame, which can lead to errors during diagnostics. In general, experienced specialists prefer to use the original, English-language version of the software in order to avoid the occurrence of various inconsistencies with technical documentation. Nevertheless, if the English version does not suit you, the problems that have arisen can be solved using specialized automotive dictionaries. 
And finally, a few words about the so-called dealer auto scanners.
These devices are manufactured by car manufacturers and supplied to dealer service stations. Unlike multibrand scanners, they are only compatible with one or more specific car brands of a certain
manufacturing company.
Dealer scanners are designed to carry out comprehensive vehicle diagnostics and support all the functionality incorporated into the electronic control units of systems and units of a particular brand.
The cost of such devices is quite high - their prices start from 2 thousand dollars - however, the availability of dealer scanners is a prerequisite for service centers specializing in in-depth complex diagnostics. 
As noted above, diagnostic equipment is becoming more and more popular among motorists. Do-it-yourself devices for diagnosing a car have become relatively affordable, however, for self-diagnostics, a motorist needs to have certain knowledge and skills.
As a rule, the need for self-diagnosis for motorists arises in the following cases:
- assessment of the technical condition of the vehicle upon purchase;
- identifying the causes of the "check engine" error indication on dashboard car;
- self-assessment and quality control of service.
To diagnose the car, motorists will need a diagnostic adapter or scanner with the appropriate software and a personal computer connected to the Internet to decrypt information and codes
mistakes. In the absence of an Internet connection, the databases must be downloaded in advance from the corresponding resources on the Internet. For routine diagnostics of major systems on vehicles built between 1996 and 2004,
the KKL USB diagnostic adapter supplied with special software is quite suitable. For more modern car models diagnosed via the CAN bus, you will need to select a brand
an autoscanner compatible with the brand of a particular vehicle.
Drivers will also need to find out the location of the diagnostic connector on their vehicle. On most models, it is located near the steering column or on the dashboard, however some manufacturers
install the connector under the hood.
Article 3. Multibrand scanners for auto diagnostics. Which to choose?
Modern automotive technology literally packed with all kinds electronic devices and sensors. At the same time, not only flagship models of leading companies are equipped with "smart systems", but also basic configurations of the most massive budget cars... So, an anti-lock brakes system, an injection engine, airbags are present in almost every modern car.
Naturally, all these units, assemblies and blocks need regular maintenance and repair. However, if earlier an auto mechanic could simply inspect a car and detect a malfunction by visual means, with today's technology, everything is somewhat different. Even the most experienced diagnostician is not able to carry out effective car diagnostics without the use of special electronic equipment - auto scanners and other electronic devices.
The most common devices for car diagnostics are multibrand scanners. Different models of multi-scanners have specific functionality and are compatible with different car models. There are many models of these devices from various manufacturers on the market, and it is not easy for an inexperienced user to decide on the choice of the gadget he needs. 
In our review, we will try to give some recommendations on the question of which multibrand scanner to choose for auto diagnostics?
First of all, it should be borne in mind that multi-scanners are designed for superficial diagnostics, and none of them, even the most "advanced", can compete with dealer scanners supplied by car manufacturers to their dealerships. The difference between these devices is primarily in the software. The cost of software for dealer autoscanners starts from 15-20 thousand rubles, and it is simply inappropriate to pay such amounts to small repair shops and motorists for occasional use of the device. In addition, such equipment requires high professionalism of the operator and regular software updates.
Now, in fact, about multi-scanners. Despite the fairly wide selection on the market, production devices deserve special attention leading companies of this segment, which include Launch, Autel, UltraScan, CarmanScan, Texa. With all due respect to other manufacturers who supply the market with sufficiently high-quality and efficient equipment, the leadership of these companies is beyond doubt and, first of all, it is achieved through regular and timely software updates.
Note that the most popular in the segment of diagnostic equipment for cars is the Launch company. The first devices under this brand appeared at the beginning of the 2000s and within a few years gained a significant market share. 
The Launch X 431 multiscanner model is the most popular in Russia and the CIS countries. High quality, affordable price, high coverage, regular software updates are the ingredients of this device's success.
It is worth noting that some Chinese automakers are positioning this model as a dealership scanner. For all its merits, the Launch X 431 is not without its drawbacks. The device does not always correctly decode errors, especially when diagnosing new European models. The disadvantages include a paid software update, however, you don't need to pay much for the upgrade. It should be borne in mind that there are many Launch X 431 fakes on the market, the software of which cannot be updated in Russia.
In recent years, the Italian manufacturer of universal scanning devices, Texa, has seriously competed with the recognized leaders. The product line of this company includes several multibrand auto scanners of different classes, the most popular of which are the following devices:
- multibrand program scanner AXONE Smart, complete with 3.5-inch LCD display. This is a standalone device with embedded software that does not require a connection to a personal computer.
- the Navigator series of hardware scanners working in conjunction with personal computers. These scanners are equipped with IDC4 software, which allows not only to carry out complete system diagnostics, but also contains global databases. The Navigator series includes the TXC and TXT models.
The first one is compatible with a large number of models passenger cars and motorcycles, and the second can be used for diagnostics of trucks, agricultural and construction equipment, motorcycle and ATVs.
Note that another popular scanner designed for diagnostics of trucks and special vehicles is the Multi Diag Trucks device from Actia. 
In addition to the mentioned companies, Autoboss, Autel, Scanmatic, Bars supply their products to our market.
Autoboss diagnostic equipment stands out with its quality and functionality. The latest developments of the company are multibrand V-30 software scanners with a liquid crystal display and PC-MAX hardware scanners that work in tandem with a personal computer. These scanners attract the attention of users due to their user-friendly intuitive interface and high functionality. Both models have scale coverage and are compatible with most European, Japanese, American and chinese cars... The devices allow you to read, decode and erase errors recorded by the electronic sensors of the car, activate the actuators, and reset the service intervals.
In addition to the aforementioned standard functions, Autoboss multi-scanners have capabilities that are inherent only in expensive dealer devices, such as adaptation and coding of electronic control units.
Russian companies also produce multibrand autoscanners. It should be noted that, contrary to popular belief, domestic devices in terms of their quality and functionality are not only not inferior, but in a number of parameters are superior foreign analogues... An example of this is the Scandoc scanner, designed and manufactured by Quantex Lab. The device is distinguished by its high build quality, sophisticated software, large coverage by car brands and regions. At the same time, Scandoc is much cheaper than analogues. The developers are constantly improving the scanner, striving to cover a wider range of compatible models of vehicles. 
Other russian development - multibrand scanner Scantronic 2, in fact, is a copy of Launch X431 with extended functionality. The device reads information from all vehicle sensors in real time. The cost of Scantronic 2 is quite high - about 1000 euros, but for this amount the buyer receives the entire set of previously released software, the possibility of free software updates and a 5-year warranty.
Another domestic model is Askan 10. This is a dealer device compatible exclusively with Russian VAZ, UAZ and GAZ vehicles. Askan 10 also covers some models of foreign production, however, its direct purpose is a Russian car.
Diagnostic equipment is constantly being improved and modernized, as a result of which new devices regularly appear on the market, offering original solutions for car diagnostics. However, it should be remembered that when choosing a scanner, you should pay attention not so much to its wide functionality, but to its compatibility with those brands of cars and forms of service in which your service company specializes. So, if you repair exclusively Russian cars, you should take a device specialized for these tasks, and not spend money on purchasing universal scanners with large coverage.
In any case, the main selection criterion multibrand the scanner should be comparing it technical parameters... In addition, it is not recommended to focus on cheap devices - high-quality equipment, by definition, cannot be cheap. You should also avoid fakes - it has long been known that even the highest quality copy is worse than the original.
When faced with the realities of the mechanical engineering industry, most software developers fail - there are very highly specialized products with which they have to work. This is not about creating programs for Internet users, computers or even mobile applications, and therefore beginners feel like Thomas from the movie "The Maze Runner". Watch about 50 seconds of the trailer and you will understand the shock experienced by those who deal with the development of car software for the first time.
All you have is a variety of terms and tools that you have no idea about. When, during an interview with a car company, I asked which IDE they were using, the interviewer didn't like my question, to put it mildly. I'm used to Visual Studio, and naively hoped that something similar would be needed for embedded software development here. I had no idea what awaited me! It's just a sea of \u200b\u200bsmall and serious (in terms of complexity) tools that needed another victim.
And when it comes to software development for cars, tools are by no means the only problem. It is almost impossible to find literature for beginners or simply educational materials regarding libraries or the architecture of the corresponding programs. The term " tutorial”Sounds completely inappropriate, because the automotive industry is a very closed community. And you can hardly call it a community, because with such competition, no one should guess how you create this or that program. To learn at least something about the individual tools and mechanisms of this programming segment, you can enroll in prohibitively expensive courses, but your company must be ready to shell out a considerable sum and it will take at least several weeks to get the experience you need right now. It's a pity that it is so difficult to understand the specifics of programming for the automotive industry, and therefore I decided to devote my article to this particular topic.
Since I have repeatedly had to switch from creating applications for Internet users / computers to developing embedded software and vice versa, I know firsthand about the problems faced by newbies dealing mainly with the first block of products. Similar difficulties arise for programmers who have never encountered the specifics of the automotive industry.
In this and the next article, I would like to talk about how embedded software for cars works, as well as look into the depths of the exotic architecture of embedded applications.
What topics will we cover?
- How does embedded software improve vehicle performance?
- How do built-in apps allow you to drive a car?
- What are the typical CPU limitations?
- How does the built-in software process the sensor data continuously?
- How is this software structured and how do the individual applications interact to drive the vehicle?
You can watch a video on the development of an electronic steering system. By the way, I also worked on this team.
This model is partially software driven. Partially means that specialized software only helps the driver, but he has full control over the system.
Let's say we want to create a fully electronic steering system in which the steering wheel is not directly connected to the wheels. Instead, the sensor measures the steering angle and sends this data to our program. In automotive terminology, this is a servo. Believe it or not, Nissan has already hit the market with a servo model.
The software is powered by a tiny processor or, more precisely, a microcontroller connected to a sensor over a network.
When the driver turns the steering wheel, thanks to a sensor that constantly transmits information about the current steering angle, the software receives a corresponding signal. For example, if the driver turns the steering wheel 90 ° to the right, within a second the sensor signal is processed according to the following principle:
In addition, the software also controls the operation of the electric motor, which moves the gear rack from left to right and in the opposite direction, which means that the steering angle of the front wheels of the car changes. Accordingly, the software can steer the car left or right. The connection between the microcontroller that runs the software and the electric motor is provided by an electronic control unit (ECU), which includes the microcontroller itself and a power amplifier that regulates the engine power supply system. Thus, our program varies the current flow to the motor and the position of the rack changes in the desired direction.
Electronic control unit (ECU)
Provided the firmware is working correctly, the rack position changes almost instantly when the steering wheel is turned.
Steering wheel - blue, steering rack - pink (approx.)
It becomes clear that even information processing here does not obey either the logic of event-driven programming, as is the case with the usual graphical user interface applications, or the laws of batch files. Instead, it requires continuous, timely processing of incoming data. If the program takes too long to analyze the sensor readings, the steering rack and the front wheels of the car will move with a delay, and the driver will notice this. Most likely in an extreme situation this will result in loss of vehicle controlfor example, when you turn the steering wheel to avoid an obstacle, the machine will not immediately react to the maneuver. This specificity increases the requirements for timing indicators for car programs, especially given the limited processor performance of standard electronic control units.
In continuation of the series, we will look at the software architecture that allows you to solve these problems, and, I hope, with the help of these materials, novice developers of embedded applications for cars will learn the basic principles of this area much faster.
In the age of high technological ideas, it is not surprising that various smart programs are constantly being released that can help a person in his work related to various fields of activity. The path of motorists, for whom useful utilities were invented, was no exception. It is noteworthy that an ordinary smartphone today can replace an experienced advisor, and free programs for and various services will help in creating important notes, optimizing costs, etc.
The video describes how to use your tablet or phone in a car:
Computers, laptops, smartphones and useful programs for them
People ten years ago only dreamed of such an opportunity as having a computer in their car. At that time, it was possible to imagine a smart machine doing almost half of the work instead of a driver, but it was more like a science fiction movie. The then motorists were unaware that a smart computer was able to navigate through special programs, independently check the engine through the OBD2 connector, monitor and even keep a special diary where all the driver's exits are indicated.
At first, the role of such an assistant was played by bulky computers, then laptops - light and efficient. But even these digital assistants became unnecessary with the release of smartphones and tablets.
Today, smartphones and tablets with programs for motorists are just as commonplace as or. Simultaneously with the vast market of convenient mobile devices, other segments, no less important and intended also for owners of "iron horses", began to develop - various useful applications for motorists, the so-called online programs. In our century, despite the many useful functions that car manufacturers provide, mobile programs and online services are needed more than ever. In this article, we tried to find the most useful and necessary tools for the motorist, not bypassing the various paid and free navigation applications and programs, as well as services that can solve complex problems.
It's no secret that the car, especially in our country, has always been difficult to maintain. Yes, it is not a luxury, but a means of transportation, but this phrase was invented by the Americans, who have a different view of things. In our country, it sometimes takes more of your beloved "iron horse" than for a luxury item. With such a unique situation, we, motorists, should be grateful to the specialists working in car services who pull and pull money from the wallet of a naive driver who has come to them; workers who ate a dog on a topic related to the quality of gasoline and its additives, etc.
It would seem that you can keep track of all expenses if you get together and start living like a practical German. But not every Russian is able to do this, and if it were not for useful applications and programs, like a fuel cost meter or programs for assessing the cost of car ownership, our drivers would have had a hard time.
Fuel gauges and useful sites
The video shows how to control fuel consumption using GPS GLONASS:
These programs are absolutely free and are now considered simple tools that save the driver from stress and constant headaches. Instead of a motorist, they will track constant ones and give a report on the work done. The Fuel Manager program is simple enough to start by setting a breakpoint or by regularly refueling to a full tank. You can do it differently. Mark the moment when the light comes on to indicate that the fuel is running low.
Fuel Manager is not the only such program. Another equally popular application is the "Fuel Meter", which is designed to calculate the average consumption based on any indicators. In addition to the fact that the program saves information about the fuel consumed, it also allows you to simultaneously set a reminder - a utility that is tied to the mileage of the car. For example, in this way it will be possible to program a reminder that it is time to change the oil, because the car has already “plowed” 10 thousand km.
Other programs, in comparison with simple fuel meters, differ in a set of large functions. For example, such popular programs as "My car" or Beepster are already designed for a comprehensive accounting of costs associated with periodic maintenance and. These programs also provide the ability to set reminders. The main task of such digital notebooks is to calculate the notional cost of 1 km of track. In addition, these programs remind the driver of important service procedures such as brake or padding.
Fuel Manager app video review:
Mobile utilities are also included with web servers to facilitate vehicle maintenance. In particular, a server such as drivernotes.net makes it possible, in addition to the basic functions, to receive data on the cost of servicing a particular car model by all owners, which will be useful in the process.
Another site, called cars.auto.ru, will help you quickly find any advertisement for the sale or purchase of a car. The driver gets access to this service program both through a browser and through a mobile application. It is very easy to search for ads, because they open if you type the brand, year of issue or other parameters in the search. Also, the site makes it possible to get the contacts of the owner or client.
The popular and promoted portal avito.ru, instantly and by teleportation, as shown in the commercial, offers, among other things, a search for sellers / buyers. It is interesting that this resource has a very convenient mobile program for Android.
Another service is called "From Hand to Hand" and also has its representative in the Google Play mobile programs.
It is noteworthy that a person does not need to refer to several sites when searching for cars. It is enough to use the services of some aggregator, for example, such as auto.yandex.ru. This resource offers, in addition to the client program, an excellently optimized mobile version of the site. " Iron horses"Here you can select according to various parameters, including such ambiguous ones as" a family car for out-of-town walks. " And that's not all. The service makes it possible to track price changes. By the way, a site similar to this bezrulya.ru differs from its analogues also convenient function, car models.
If earlier it was fashionable to communicate with friends via SMS-messages, today it is in the past. Social networks and special programs allow you to do this much faster and get more comfort.
It is interesting that at one time there were popular applications that contained a large number of so-called useful points. They were displayed on the map, and they included not only tire service centers, car services, but also bistros, hotels and even attractions of a certain city or country. Today, such information has migrated to the pages of navigation programs such as Yandex. Useful in this regard and Google, and the same "City Guide", and other programs.
Video review of a useful application for motorists - "Parking":
I would like to note that the services that allow you to find not only the nearest gas station, but also their fuel prices are still "apart". One such program, which is respected by motorists, is "Multi-fuel". This service is a search interface, as well as a map with gas stations, which is periodically updated by the gas station database. This includes information about the availability of toilets, cafes, etc. The data can be updated by users of the multigo.ru portal. Here you can not only get the information you need, but also make changes through the application if you register as a user.
You can also show your location on the map. This is done by a special service Google Plus. It allows you to attach location tags to photos or posts on social networks such as Facebook and VKontakte. Although not only he is engaged in this.
There are special services that display the coordinates of the driver or even his route in Live mode. These services include the free Glympse program. The program will allow you to open your location for a certain period of time, for example, until you get to the meeting point. This is done by sending a friend or acquaintance a link, following which you can see your location or route on the map.
It is worth noting that it is better to tie some important matters not to a specific time, but to a certain point in space. For example, driving next to a store, you need to remember to buy bread. So a kind of "reminder" is connected when the car drives past the store. Most mobile apps contain tons of useful options, for which the location reminder is the only target function. Although there are more complex applications such as "Reminder Card". The program is absolutely free and allows, in addition to creating and storing notes, download the accompanying map to your phone.
Various schedulers can be attributed to the same programs. For example, Remember The milk has a local reminder. But to use it, you have to connect to the paid version of the product.
As for online maps, they can be used to diagnose road conditions. For many drivers it has long been no secret that they take risks every minute while driving on russian roads ruin the suspension of your car. The road services themselves do not have time or do not want to notify the driver promptly about obstacles arising in different parts of the road. But the service "RosYama" will not give the road workers time to relax, because on this portal you can always leave a statement of problems on. It will be enough to upload the dimensions of the pit, coordinates and photos to the site. The only pity is that this service does not have mobile clients.
Almost all services that help search parking space, it would be worth attributing to the instruments that take GPS methods as a basis. But in many megalopolises and large cities of Russia, for an incorrectly parked car and a shortage of free seats, this problem is transferred to the category of global ones. It was for the solution of such a problem that a program called "Moscow Parking" was invented.
Video review of the Moscow Parking mobile application:
As for other cities, for them you can use the schemes given on OpenStreetMap maps or other cartographic portals. There are also special databases, such as "Parkopedia", where there are client applications for almost all mobile platforms.
Traffic fines and a digital guide
The program called "2014" deserves special attention. It is specially designed for those drivers who know little traffic rules... And to be honest, who knows them by heart today? The driving experience of our motorist is not forged on knowledge of the rules road traffic, but in practice, passing certain situations. In other words, everyone knows that you cannot drive through the “red lights”. But one or two percent of drivers know the fine for this.
If earlier drivers purchased new versions periodically on paper and stored all this waste paper in the glove compartment, which was already cramped on some car models, today the program will automatically download updates itself. In addition to the program "Traffic Fines 2014", the program "Traffic Rules Directory" performs similar actions.
Now about those options that are known. So, it turns out that now it is not necessary to buy it to record the traffic situation. All the functions of the coolest DVR can be performed by a free program installed on a regular smartphone. Yes, don't be surprised! Such applications, for example, include DailyRoads Voyager. Like a standard DVR, this option will allow you to record videos in a cyclic order. And as memory becomes full, previous videos are automatically erased. That's all there is to it.
In case of an accident
A program called "Accident Memo" will help and non-standard situationsthat can happen on the road. This program gives helpful advice regarding what to do for the driver in a particular case. But unfortunately, apart from advice, albeit sensible, the utility will not be able to help anything else. So no one canceled to observe a safe driving style.
Any electronic unit in a car is connected to the diagnostic bus - a digital line that allows on-board electronics to communicate with diagnostic equipment. Here lies the first problem: although in theory there is a single OBD-II standard that standardizes the method of communication with the ECU and the type of connector, it only applies to injection systems. "Knockin on" the blocks ABS, SRS and so on through the protocol OBD- II is impossible.But even in injection systems, company-specific error codes and coding of status data are often used: when diagnosing an absolutely serviceable car with a program that is not suitable for its ECU, you can see data that is incompatible with reality.
What tasks does a diagnostic scanner perform? There are many more of them than is commonly thought.
- Reading current and saved data... The most primitive devices are capable of reading only stored and current errors, but for diagnostic purposes such things are practically useless: without the ability to correctly read current data (air flow rate, throttle opening degree, lambda probe voltages), the device is more of a toy than a real instrument.
- Actuator testing... Depending on the degree of integration of on-board electronics, it is possible to check the health of many electromechanical components: from turning on the fuel pump to testing the wipers (if the motor is controlled by the controller, of course).
- Adaptation of sensors and actuators... A number of complex units require forced coordination with the ECU: setting the zero position of the throttle servo, setting the debit of piezo injectors on Common Rail diesel engines, and so on.
- Change configuration... Most of the blocks are universal for the entire family of cars, and they are configured for a specific configuration (for example, the number and location of the airbags are written in the airbag controller). The simplest examples of reconfiguration are changing the language of the dashboard, activating on-board computer, deactivation of faulty airbags.
In the rating of the best, we tried to take into account both affordable simple autoscanners, usually bought by car owners for their own use, and professional equipment. The only exception is dealer scanners designed for specific car brands: the price of such complexes is several hundred thousand rubles, and there is no widespread sale of dealer equipment - you can only find cheap Chinese clones.
The most important thing in car diagnostics is not the "sophistication" of the device, but the professionalism of the person using it. Therefore, when buying a diagnostic scanner for personal use, you should think about whether this will be a waste of money, and is it not better to contact a real diagnostician?
