To pass the inspection, you must correctly complete the car before arriving at the technical control station. The trunk contains an emergency stop indicator, a first aid kit and an unexpired fire extinguisher.
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Authentication rules have been tightened recently diagnostic card... On her back side the following must be indicated without fail: the full name of the expert performing the inspection and the official stamp of the service station organization in blue.
In addition, the twenty-two-digit number on the document is included in the EAISTO (consolidated base for maintenance). Without these formalities, the inspection will not be recognized as passed.
But how to organize an inspection of the technical condition of the car so that there are no failures on the part of a strict engineer? How to avoid refusals at service stations? What is the way to maintain the normative state of the old "iron friend"?
This information is contained in the operation on the technical maintenance of the vehicle.
What must be in stock
There should be no unnecessary things in the glove compartment and in the trunk of a car. All tools are folded neatly in a special bag or plastic case. In any situation, the driver can easily find the desired item.
It is necessary to carry with you those items that ensure the safety, health and vitality of passengers.
On the other hand, some points during transportation are strictly prohibited.
According to it, it is not possible to operate a car with the following body elements and features:
- With no rearview mirror.
- Mirror tinted.
- With curtains (for buses) and blinds ( rear glass passenger car).
- With inoperative devices designed for heating, blowing.
- With a faulty speedometer.
- With xenon.
- No mud flaps.
- With torn seat belts.
- Without head restraints.
- With problems in the engine, cooling and air conditioning systems, with a faulty gearbox.
- In the absence of covers on the tanks in the body compartment, which contains technical fluids.
- With a lot of tire wear, disadvantages associated with tread separation.
- If the tires do not match in size.
Attention! Any changes made to the design of the vehicle without the permission of the safety inspection road traffic - a reason for refusal of successful registration in the EAISTO database. Equipment related to steering and braking system is diagnosed first.
Special conditions for the operation of other vehicles:
As you can see from the list, in passenger car Three items will always be in demand: a fire extinguisher, a first aid kit and reflective sign panels.
Also, the car enthusiast should report spare wheel, bulbs for correcting errors of lighting devices. A spare brake light bulb is also essential for the smooth operation of the vehicle.
After all, it is this method of designating an emergency vehicle that helps to get to the destination without any problems.
First aid kit
The first aid kit is always checked when technical inspection car.
It must be staffed in accordance with current regulations. Its main purpose is to provide the wounded passenger with first aid, before the arrival of the ambulance brigade.
Order of the Ministry of Health No. 697n and changes to it by number oblige the driver to collect the following set of medicines:
- Pain relievers (analgin, nimesulide).
- Medicines for cores.
- Remedies for ocular, cranial pressure (citramone).
- Disinfectants (iodine, brilliant green).
- A tourniquet for bandaging limbs in order to quickly stop bleeding.
- Non-sterile and sterile bandages of a certain size.
- Sterile dressing bag.
- Sterile napkins.
- Large and small size bactericidal plasters.
- Plaster in a roll.
- Scissors.
- Medical gloves (to maintain sterility, disposable).
- Device for restoring mouth-to-mouth breathing.
Some of the medicines are individual in nature. For example, a driver with coronary artery disease will remember to stock up on anti-stroke medications.
Other medicines are indispensable for any category of drivers and are included in the kit regardless of diagnoses, personal preferences of the driver.
The latter categories include dressings of various kinds and appointments and devices for resuscitation. They are designed to help avoid numbness of the extremities, reduce the disastrous consequences after injury, "revive" a passenger or transition that has been injured to a greater extent... After all, the death of a person can be the outcome of any accident.
Attention! Until 2010, more than strict requirements, than now. For example, a medicine like iodine was simply irreplaceable. Now all that is required is a complete set of dressings.
In connection with this, the shelf life of the boxing medicines has increased. On average, such a bag (unused set) will be valid for 4 and a half years (condition for 2019).
Fire extinguisher
The presence of a fire extinguisher is always checked by inspection by an accredited inspection point. The fact is that any car is considered a fire hazardous technique. Therefore, the driver should not save on the risks of explosion, fire due to some kind of malfunction.
The displacement also meets the standards. For passenger cars it is two liters, for trucks - at least five liters. In this case, the volume is equal to the mass. The required mass of fire extinguishers is at least two and five kg, respectively.
According to the maintenance requirements, the following type of fire extinguisher is acquired:
- Of a certain type - powder or carbon dioxide.
The most popular type is the OP-2 powder type. Water and foam types are absolutely not suitable. - With a clear marking of the manufacturer, indicating the address of the organization responsible for the release of the device.
- With instructions for use.
- With a margin for the expiration date.
According to the instructions, the real and nominal shelf life is different. The nominal period of use is engraved on the device itself, but this does not mean that the fire extinguisher has not been used.
If the fire extinguishing device has already been in operation, then the real and nominal periods do not coincide. However, inconsistencies can also be identified due to improper storage. To avoid problems, the device is shown to experts once a year.
It is necessary to ensure that the real and nominal periods of use are as close to each other as possible.
Attention! The shelf life of powder automobile fire extinguishers is 2 years, carbon dioxide - 5 years (according to GOST NPB 155-2202 and R51057-2001)
Where and for how much you can buy a set of a motorist for technical inspection
Standard kits for successful completion maintenance assembled from three items. So, the minimum equipment will cost the car enthusiast only 800 rubles.
Namely:
This is not to say that the cost of a set differs from region to region. From the pages of numerous sites of the Internet space, the necessary items are offered at a cost 990 rubles.
Attention! Any emergency kit of essential items is better stored in a leather bag. In a regular bag, the fabric tears easily in the places where the zipper works.
As always, pickup is available here. But for the regions of Russia, the cost of a set increases due to connection with paid delivery (depending on the distance from Moscow).
- Powder type fire extinguisher OP-2.
- First aid kit.
- Sign (takes up little space, as it folds out into three parts and fits into a plastic bag.)
- A cable that allows towing this car model on a soft hitch.
- A bag used for convenient storage of important items. Its composition is a waterproof fabric of blue and black shades. It is usually equipped with a carrying handle and a zipper.
Attention! The set does not include a standard, "for pickup" specific technical means hook. Hooks must be provided in the body structure. For example, screwed by the manufacturer into the spare wheel storage compartment.
The standard set is enough to pass the MOT. If you buy individual items at different times and in different places, it will cost significantly more.
Approximate prices:
What else can you
The standard set of a motorist is assembled strictly individually. The standard list can be expanded at the request of the car owner.
So, in the FEST set for 1200 rublescotton gloves are present. Complete set for 1400 - vest for marking the driver (passenger) with reflective elements. It comes in green or orange.
A bag with a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is much more expensive. The price of a "newfangled" fire extinguishing agent is up to 2000 rubles. But when working, he does not leave traces on paintwork car body. A powder fire extinguisher "sins" with this.
For a novice driver, you should heed the advice of experienced car users.
They insist on purchasing other additional items that will come in handy in a force majeure situation:
- In situations of harsh winter in Russia, lighting wires are useful. This equipment allows you to "reanimate the hardware", restore the battery performance.
- The standard cable can be replaced with a longer one. Permissible and desired parameters are six meters with a towed vehicle weighing up to 10 tons.
- Socket-type balloon keys are an essential element for confident driving. They are needed to change discs directly in heavy traffic conditions.
- A cruciform balloon wrench is an ideal tool, as it allows you to evenly distribute the load when changing wheels.
- Reflective tape in a red and white hue will mark a vehicle parked with emergency situation at night. It can be easily glued to any surface and then removed without leaving marks.
Not a single competent craftsman can do without special equipment. An electrician is a professional who is involved in troubleshooting electrical networks, devices, and he also carries out installation work. To do the job well, you need necessary tool for an electrician.
This article will cover a variety of electrical wiring tools aimed at professionals and beginners alike. Also, recommendations will be given on its use by novice electricians. Now let's study the list of tools that an electrician for the repair and maintenance of electrical equipment may have.
Dielectric Gloves
Rubber insulated gloves must be worn when working on live circuits. Inspect them for punctures, cuts and cracks before use.
You can buy it in stores specializing in electrical goods and electrical equipment. It is necessary to check the quality of the material for thickness and strength. The easiest way to check is to fill the glove with air and hold it with your hands. Air leakage from a filled glove is not acceptable.
Screwdrivers of different types and sizes
The most commonly used tools are screwdrivers different types... They are necessary for tightening the contact terminals, tightening screws and bolts, as well as when dismantling old equipment. It is best to purchase long insulated flat and Phillips screwdrivers in two or three different sizes (depending on the nature of the work being done).
It will not be superfluous to also purchase a universal set with various attachments. However, it is mainly necessary for specific work and will be practically useless for novice electricians.
Screwdriver - first aid
For many works, it will be much more convenient to use an irreplaceable tool - a screwdriver. In addition to its main purpose, it will help to make holes in the walls of the shield or junction boxes. If the price of such a tool turns out to be too high, it is quite possible to replace it with a cordless screwdriver. The photo of the set is shown below.
Pliers or pliers
Another important enough hand tool electrician - pliers (or pliers). They can be used to tighten small nuts and also to bite wires. Pliers must have solid insulated handles. No notches or cracks are allowed.
In addition to pliers, specific tools such as round nose pliers or platypuses are often required. Both of these tools are shown in the following photos.
Platypuses differ from round-nose pliers only by the presence of a flat face, due to which they, in some cases, completely replace the pliers. The main purpose of these tools is to form wire ends and complex bends.
Using side cutters
To evenly cut the wires, side cutters (or wire cutters) are used. Thanks to the special shape of the sharpening of the cutting part, they provide a cut without squeezing the ends of the wire. Experienced electricians often get by with wire cutters, not using pliers at all. The photo below shows side cutters - a tool used for electrical installation and when repairing household appliances.
Nylon ties
Nylon ties of various sizes are widely used to connect multiple wires into bundles. They allow you to easily fix the wires and make the installation more clear and aesthetic.
It is necessary to take into account the cross-section of the wires, their number, after which you can select suitable size screeds. A wide cable tie will not work for a small number of wires.
Calipers
You can determine the diameter of the wire (its working part - the core) using a vernier caliper. This is especially true in the absence of wire markings.
In the absence of a caliper, it is permissible to use a regular ruler. In this case, the measurement accuracy will be lower.
Tools for cleaning wires from insulation
Various tools are used to clean the wires from insulation: electrical knives or special devices for stripping insulation. Knives are usually used by professionals. It is not recommended for beginners to use knives (and even more so various cutters), since due to lack of experience, it is possible to easily damage a cable core (or several cores of a multicore cable), and this will reduce the reliability of the entire electrical installation to be installed. If funds do not allow you to buy special tool to strip the insulation, you can use an electrical knife with a not sharp blade.
Following him in the photo is a special tool for stripping insulation, the range of which is now represented by a huge number of models of various price categories. Thanks to this choice, even a novice electrician will be able to choose an affordable and suitable tool for him.
Wire Connecting Tools
For connecting wires, screw terminals are most often used.
Recently, they have been replaced by sleeves used to connect wires or crimp their ends in order to protect them from damage. To install them on the ends of the wires, use a special tool - crimping pliers. They are well suited for the various sizes of these sleeves.
Wire end protection
Experienced electricians can use tin-lead tin plating (usually for stranded wire) to protect the ends of the wires from damage. In this case, the cores of the wire become a single whole and do not break off separately. For wire tinning, soldering irons of various capacities are used.
However, it is very difficult to irradiate wires of large cross-section with a soldering iron; it is necessary to use a soldering bath. It belongs to special-purpose tools and, despite its affordability, is simply not sold in many stores. For this reason, soldering pots are used exclusively by professionals or large firms.
Spanners
In some cases, when performing installation works wrenches may be needed. Although there are many kits on the market, the electrician usually does not need them. You can limit yourself to purchasing an adjustable wrench. It is much lighter and replaces a whole set of keys of various sizes.
In addition to the listed frequently used tools, there are many different indicators and measuring instruments... Let's consider the most necessary ones.
Indicator screwdrivers
Indicator screwdrivers (phase indicators) are used to check the presence of voltage in the network, as well as to determine the phase conductor. Every electrician must have this tool. When the phase wire is touched, the signal lamp lights up, when the neutral wire is touched, the lamp does not light up. Before measuring, you need to touch your finger or hand to the sensor on the screwdriver handle (usually located at its end). The photo below shows various indicator screwdrivers.
In a similar design, indicators of hidden wiring are also produced. They are also necessary when troubleshooting wires that run inside wall trims.
In addition to simple phase indicators in the form of screwdrivers, there are three-phase indicators. They have four terminals (three phase and one zero). When the phase conductors are correctly connected, the indicator disc rotates in the direction of the arrow. Note that this device belongs to specific and is used mainly by professionals when working with motors and other equipment powered by a three-phase network.
Low voltage indication
To indicate low voltage (meaning the mains voltage of 220 V), INN-1 indicators are often used, which are two probes, one of which has a signal lamp. The probes are wired. When they touch live wires, the lamp lights up.
Instead of such indicators, amateur electricians often use warning light, which is a conventional low power incandescent lighting lamp. Wires are attached to its cartridge, which act as probes. However, such a design poses a great danger: the lamp can be accidentally broken, and the filament is under mains voltage. In contrast to this solution, industrial indicators have a robust housing and reliable insulation, therefore it is recommended to use them.
Multimeter
Most reliable. Digital multimeters are now widely used. They allow you to measure voltage, current, and also have the ability to measure the resistance of the circuit and its continuity with an audible alert. It is better for beginner electricians to purchase inexpensive model (in case of failure, it will not be a pity). Professional electricians use more serious models with advanced functionality. The most popular are various modifications multimeter M890 from Mastech.
In addition to digital, analog multimeters are still widely used.
Now let's talk about a power tool that an electrician may need.
Drill with different attachments and drills
First of all, it is a drill with various attachments and drills. In some cases, you can do with a screwdriver, but not always. In addition to a drill, a hammer drill is often required. It is great for drilling holes in stone, chiselling gates, and for cutting large holes for sockets, switches and junction boxes.
Sometimes electricians use a hammer and chisel (chisel) in their work. But with the modern development of hand-held power tools and a large selection of them, it is better to use a puncher, since chiseling grooves is very long and tedious. Chisels cannot be used for chiselling (for design reasons). Chisels are designed for finishing without a hammer.
Set of crowns
It is very useful to purchase a set of crowns of various diameters for cutting holes in walls. Sockets, switches, junction boxes will be inserted into these holes in the future.
Wall chaser
To make strobes in the walls, professionals use a chasing cutter.
Novice craftsmen will not be able to buy such a tool because of its high price. Instead, they often use. However, unlike a wall chaser, when working with a grinder, it is much more difficult to control the depth of cut; there is also no possibility of removing the resulting dust.
Conclusion
We have reviewed a list of the most essential tools an electrician needs. For certain jobs, a more specific tool may be used.
During work, you should follow the basic safety rules, be sure to use dielectric gloves and safety glasses. If possible, it is necessary to remove the voltage from the electrical installation being repaired.
With the approach of technical inspection, novice drivers think about the question: what is included in the motorist's set. As we already wrote on the site, there must be three things in the trunk of any car:
- fire extinguisher - powder fire extinguisher OP-2 or OP-3;
- warning triangle;
- car first aid kit - about its completeness, we also already on our website.
Accordingly, it will be minimal set motorist. Without these items, you will not be able to pass the inspection. Moreover, according to Article 12.5, part 1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, the traffic police inspector can issue you a fine of 500 rubles, provided that he can prove that you did not have a first aid kit or fire extinguisher when you left the garage.
Let us also recall that the traffic police inspector does not have the right to inspect the car for the absence of a fire extinguisher or first aid kit.
Motorist set 2 completeness "Eurostandard"
Today on sale you can easily find everything you need to complete the car. So, you can purchase the Eurostandard motorist set, which, in addition to the mandatory items, also includes:
- towing cable 4.5 meters long, capable of withstanding up to 3 tons;
- work gloves with rubber dots made of cotton fabric or leather;
- luminescent vest.
You will definitely need a cable if the car stalls in the middle of the road. Remember that cars with automatic transmission are not subject to towing, as this can lead to failure of the automatic transmission.
Work gloves are also useful to keep your hands from getting oil stained. Well, and the vest must be worn in the dark so that you can be seen from afar on the track in case of emergency renovation works.
This entire kit is usually sold in a sturdy nylon bag that can be conveniently stowed in the trunk to keep everything close at hand.
Motorist set 3 complete set
There is no approved kit for the third configuration. Motorists, as a rule, pick it up on their own.
Obviously, the driver will need the following:
- a jack with a lifting capacity from one to 5 tons (for off-road vehicles) or up to 20 tons (for trucks;
- air compressor powered by battery or cigarette lighter for emergency tire inflation;
- crocodile wires for starting the engine from the battery of another car;
- balloon cross key for loosening the hub bolts;
- set of tools: open-end wrenches, spanners, screwdrivers with different nozzles, heads of different diameters, etc.
Depending on the technical condition of the car and the distance of the routes, many drivers must carry various spare parts with them: fuses, candles, nuts, bolts, repair kits for various vehicle components, sets of rubber or copper sealing rings, bearings, etc.
And of course, on the road, you may need:
- sealants;
- patches for sealing punctured tires;
- spare nipples;
- technical liquids for refilling -, motor oil, brake fluid, distilled water;
- lubricants - solid oil, lithol in cans of 0.4 or 0.8 dm3;
- sprays for wiping surfaces or removing ice;
- to eliminate corrosion and rust, if necessary, unscrew the hub bolt.
Often, due to the fact that the driver has to carry so many things with him, the trunk literally turns into a warehouse of various "junk". Therefore, it is advisable to purchase durable bags or make your own wooden boxes, where all these items will be stored.
findings
So, driving on the roads on your own vehicle always associated with unforeseen difficulties: a flat tire, a radiator overheated, a gearbox jammed, crumbled wheel bearing etc.
It is almost impossible to prepare for all these situations. However, if you have enough experience and all the necessary tools at hand, you can cope with the problem on your own. This is especially true for roads running far from million-plus cities, where service maintenance is not at the highest level and there is practically no place to wait for help.
The complete set of the motorist's kits is dictated not by some inventions or whims, but by the real needs and experience of drivers. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the choice of a set for a motorist and its components with all responsibility.
I look through the entries in the logbooks of the editorial machines and remember my personal problems. Over the past ten years, most of the troubles have been related to the electrics, wheels and tires. Well, glass, it happens, is even beaten in guarded parking lots.
I usually insure myself against these surprises, trying to hide the repair kit inside the spare wheel, handbags with the "motorist's kit" and distribute them to the small corners of the trunk. So, I always have with me ...
Useful little things
Lamp.The ideal option is a rechargeable one with recharge from the cigarette lighter socket. Alternatively, a battery-powered headband will do. I personally like this even more - hands are free. I don't hope for the built-in light of the smartphone. Its battery is quickly discharged, and a bulky smartphone is inconvenient to shine in a confined space. Why do you need a flashlight? Engine compartment lighting not in cars today. Checking the oil level at night is already a problem. And if minor repairs electricians with the battery terminal removed? I remember in Ford focus of the first generation, the left headlight bulb could only be changed by removing the battery. How can it be without a lantern at night?
A small but sharp knife. Desirable awkward. In the first-aid kit there is a kind of scissors, but this, you see, is not a tool. A good knife allows you to strip a wire, cut off, say, a piece of polyethylene, tape, insulation, foam. In general, a very versatile thing. Separately about the combined tools like Leatherman. A folding blade is not always convenient and loses to a knife with a fixed blade. But folding pliers of such a tool can be useful for small jobs. But all kinds of folding screwdrivers and systems with removable bits look beautiful, but they are inconvenient to use.
Polyethylene. First, it is a good awning when renovating in the rain. Secondly - a universal bedding for things, if you need to unload the trunk in field conditions... And I always drive him in a car after an incident in a guarded parking lot in Voronezh. It was a business trip. Broken glass on the passenger door. Only a pack of cigarettes whistled from the cabin. You have to go home, and the glass you need is only made to order with a long wait. Rescued a piece of polyethylene and ...
Transparent tape. It is also a very versatile thing. It is needed to fix the polyethylene, seal the broken combined lamp, plastic headlight, etc.
Wheels, tires
Several spare bolts or nuts wheel mounts (4–5 pieces). Believe me, they will come in handy, and they take up a minimum of space. Wheel fasteners tends to get lost, and stripped threads are not uncommon.
Open-end or small adjustable wrench, allowing you to loosen the fasteners and remove the wires from the battery terminals. If somewhere it is thoroughly short-circuited, without disconnecting the battery from on-board network you can't do it.
Pair of screwdrivers- with flat and cross sting. Not very massive. The main thing is that they must be suitable for removing the screws that secure the interior plastic upholstery.
For those who are friends with an electrician, it will not be superfluous a small voltmeter and a roll of duct tape.
From personal experience
Why all this economy, I will explain with an example. Once, on a Chevrolet Lacetti hatchback, I shorted the connector under the upholstery of the left C-pillar. Then it became clear that water was dripping on him from the burst hose of the fifth door washer. But then, at night, there was just a sharp smell of singed wires. The first step was to take out the key and pulled the terminal off the battery to prevent a fire. Then he put on his headlamp and began to search. The braiding of the wires was still smoking, so he quickly found the source of the trouble and removed the necessary upholstery with the help of screwdrivers. I cut out the sintered connector with a knife, insulated the wires and continued on my way. In the daytime I "called" the wires with a multimeter. Simply put, I checked if there was a short circuit in the harness. Stripped the wiring and connected the wires directly without a connector. I changed the broken pipe - a Zhigulevskaya came up. Windscreen wiper and washer back door working again.
In addition to the above, I do not carry any other instrument with me. Candles and belts too. It makes no sense. In a more or less well-kept car, they rarely fail unexpectedly. Sometimes I take something specific for a specific model. The same Ford with its battery made me take one head, an extension cord and a knob with me. Because this source of electricity cannot be removed with bare hands. Topping up oil is always in small packages. "Litrushka" is enough for one time. If you need more, you can buy it at a network gas station. But the towing rope is not nominal. For a long time already, instead of the two-ton one from the set, I have been using the four-ton one even for cars. Well, I don’t forget about my beloved. After renovation work, I would like to drive with clean hands. Therefore, a roll of paper towels and wet wipes are always with you.
