Engine invention internal combustion allowed humanity in developing to step significantly forward. Now engines that are used to perform useful work The energy released during the combustion of fuel is used in many spheres of human activity. But the most spread of these engines were in transport.
All power plants consist of mechanisms, nodes and systems that interact with each other provide the transformation of the energy released during the combustion of flammable products into the rotational motion of the crankshaft. It is this movement and is its useful work.
In order to be clearer, it should be understood with the principle of operation of the force of the internal combustion.
Principle of operation
When combustion of a combustible mixture consisting of flammable products and air, more energy is released. Moreover, at the time of the ignition of the mixture, it increases significantly in the amount, the pressure in the epicenter of ignition increases, in fact, there is a small explosion with the release of energy. This process is taken as the basis.
If the combustion is produced in a closed space - the pressure resulting during combustion will be pressed on the walls of this space. If one of the walls make movable, then the pressure, trying to increase the amount of closed space, will move this wall. If this wall attach some rod to this wall, then it will already perform mechanical work - Potting, will push this rod. By connecting the rod with a crank, when moving, it will make the crank crank relative to its axis.
This is the principle of work power aggregate With internal combustion - there is a closed space (cylinder sleeve) with a single moving wall (piston). The wall of the rod (connecting rod) is associated with a crank (crankshaft). Then the opposite action is made - crank, making full turn Around the axis, pushes the wall with a rod and it returns back.
But this is only the principle of working with explanation on simple components. In fact, the process looks somewhat more complicated, because it is necessary to initially ensure the flow of the mixture into the cylinder, squeeze it for better ignition, as well as bring the combustion products. These actions got the name of the clocks.
Total 4 clocks:
- inlet (the mixture enters the cylinder);
- compression (the mixture is compressed by reducing the volume inside the piston sleeve);
- working (after ignituing the mixture, because of its expansion, pushes the piston down);
- release (disharging of combustion products from the sleeve for supplying the next portion of the mixture);
Piston engine tacts
It follows from this that a useful action has only work moves, three others - preparatory. Each beat is accompanied by a certain movement of the piston. When inlet and work, it moves down, and when compressed and release - up. And since the piston is associated with the crankshaft, each tact corresponds to a certain corner of the agonor of the shaft around the axis.
The implementation of clocks in the engine is made in two ways. The first - with the combination of clocks. In such a motor, all the tacts are performed for one complete crankshaft. That is, half-turn of the knees. The shaft at which the movement of the piston up or down is accompanied by two clocks. These engines were called 2-strokes.
The second way is separate tacts. One piston movement is accompanied by only one tact. As a result, that a full cycle of work occurred - 2 knee turnover is required. Shaft around the axis. Such engines received 4-stroke designation.
Cylinder block
Now the device internal combustion engine itself. The basis of any installation is a block of cylinders. It also contains all composites.
The structural features of the block depend on some conditions - the number of cylinders, their location, cooling method. The number of cylinders that are combined in one block can vary from 1 to 16. And the blocks with an odd number of cylinders are rare, only one and three-cylinder plants can be found from the produced engines. Most of the aggregates go with the pair of cylinders - 2, 4, 6, 8 and less often 12 and 16.
Four-cylinder block
Power plants with quantity from 1 to 4 cylinders usually have inline cylinders. If the number of cylinders is larger, they are placed in two rows, while with a certain angle of the position of one row relative to the other, the so-called power plants with the V-shaped position of the cylinders. Such a location made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the block, but at the same time the manufacturer is more complicated than in a row location.
Eight-cylinder block
There is another type of blocks in which cylinders are located in two rows and with an angle between them in 180 degrees. These engines were called. They are found mainly on motorcycles, although there are cars with such a type of power unit.
But the condition for the number of cylinders and their location is optional. There are 2-cylinder and 4-cylinder engines with a V-shaped or opposite position of cylinders, as well as 6-cylinder engines with inline arrangement.
Two types of cooling that are used on power plants - Air and liquid. Depends on constructive feature Block. The air-cooled unit is less dimensional and structurally easier, since the cylinders are not included in its design.
A block with liquid cooling is more complicated, its design includes cylinders, and the cooling shirt is located on top of the block with cylinders. Inside it circulates the liquid, removing the heat from the cylinders. At the same time, the block together shirt cooling is one integer.
From above, the unit is covered with a special stove - head of the cylinder block (GBC). It is one of the components that provide a closed space in which the combustion process is produced. Its design can be simple, not including additional mechanisms, or complicated.
crank mechanism
Incoming the engine design, ensures the transformation of the reciprocating movement of the piston in the sleeve in the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The main element of this mechanism is the crankshaft. It has a moving connection with the cylinder block. Such a connection ensures the rotation of this shaft around the axis.
A flywheel is attached to one of the ends of the shaft. The handwheel task includes the transfer of torque from the shaft on. Since the 4-stroke engine by two crankshaft turns accounts for only one half turn with a useful action - the work move, the rest require a reverse action, which is performed by the flywheel. Having a significant mass and turning, due to its kinetic energy, it ensures the grinding of the knees. Shaft during preparatory clocks.
The flywheel circle has a toothed crown, using it is running the power plant.
On the other hand, the shaft is placed a drive gear of the oil pump and the gas distribution mechanism, as well as a flange for fastening pulley.
This mechanism also includes connecting rods that ensure the transfer of effort from the piston to the crankshaft and back. Fastening to the shawn shatunov is also moving moving.
The surface of the cylinder block, knees. The shaft and connecting rods in the connecting places directly among themselves are not in contact between them, the sliding bearings are between them - inserts.
Cylinder-piston group
This group of cylinder sleeves, pistons, piston rings and fingers are consisting. It is in this group that the combustion process and the transmission of the extracted energy for transformation occurs. The combustion occurs inside the sleeve, which on one side is closed by the head of the block, and on the other - the piston. The piston itself can move inside the sleeve.
To ensure maximum tightness inside the sleeve, are used piston ringswhich prevent the mixture and combustion products between the walls of the sleeve and the piston.
The piston through the finger is movably connected to the connecting rod.
Gas distribution mechanism
The task of this mechanism includes a timely supply of a combustible mixture or its components in a cylinder, as well as the removal of combustion products.
Two-stroke engines as such no mechanism. It has a mixture and removal of combustion products produced by the technological windows that are done in the walls of the sleeve. Such windows are three - intake, bypass and graduation.
The piston, moving the opening-closing of a window, this is filling the liner with fuel and removal of spent gases. The use of such gas distribution does not require additional nodes, so the GBC in such an engine is simple and only the provision of cylinder tightness is included in its task.
A 4-stroke engine has a gas distribution mechanism. The fuel in such an engine is supplied through special holes in the head. These holes are closed with valves. With the need for fuel supply or gas removal from the cylinder, the corresponding valve is opened. The opening of the valves provides a camshaft, which with its cams at the desired moment presses the required valve and opens the hole. The camshaft drive is carried out from the crankshaft.
Timber with belt and chain drive
The layout of the gas distribution mechanism may differ. Engines are available with the lower arrangement of the camshaft (it is in the cylinder block) and the upper location of the valves (in the GBC). The transfer of effort from the shaft to the valves is carried out by means of rods and rockers.
Motors are more common, in which the shaft and valves have the top location. With such a layout, the shaft is also placed in the GBC and it acts on the valve directly, without intermediate elements.
Supply system
This system provides fuel preparation for further submitting it to the cylinder. The design of this system depends on the fuel used by the engine. The main now is fuel isolated from oil, with different fractions - gasoline and diesel fuel.
In engines using gasoline, there are two types. fuel system - carburetor and injection. In the first system, the mixing formation is made in the carburetor. It produces a dosage and feeding fuel into the air flow passing through it, then this mixture is already fed to the cylinders. Consists of such a system and fuel tank, fuel lines, vacuum fuel pump and carburetor.
Carburetor system
The same is done in injection cars, but they have a more accurate dosage. Also, fuel in the injectors is added to the air flow in the inlet nozzle through the nozzle. This nozzle fuel spraying, which provides better mixing formation. The injection system from the tank, the pump located in it, filters, fuel lines, and fuel ramps with nozzles installed on the intake manifold.
Diesels have the submission of components fuel mixes It is produced separately. The gas distribution mechanism through valves only fits air into cylinders. The fuel in the cylinders is supplied separately, nozzles and high pressure. Composed this system From the tank, filters, high pressure fuel pump (TNVD) and nozzles.
Injector systems recently appeared, which operate on the principle of diesel fuel system - injector with direct injection.
The exhaust gas removal system provides the derivation of combustion products from cylinders, partial neutralization of harmful substances, and a decrease in sound when the exhaust gas is derived. It consists of a graduate manifold, a resonator, a catalyst (not always) and the muffler.
Lubrication system
The lubrication system provides reduced friction between the interacting surfaces of the engine, by creating a special film that prevents direct contact surfaces. Additionally carries out heat removal, protects the engine elements from corrosion.
The lubricant system from the oil pump, oil capacity - pallet, oil pump, oil filter, channels for which the oil moves to rubbing surfaces.
Cooling system
Maintain optimal operating temperature During the engine operation, the cooling system is provided. Two types of system are used - air and liquid.
The air system produces cooling by blowing cylinders then air. For better cooling on cylinders, cooling ribs are made.
In the liquid system, the cooling is produced by liquid, which circulates in a cooling shirt with direct contact with the outer wall of the sleeve. This system is made of cooling shirt, water pump, thermostat, nozzles and radiator.
Ignition system
The ignition system is applied only on gasoline engines. On diesel engines, the ignition of the mixture is made from compression, so this system is not needed.
In the gasoline car, the ignition is performed from the spark that skipping at a certain point between the electrodes of the incandescent candles installed in the block head so that its skirt is in the combustion chamber of the cylinder.
The ignition system is made from the ignition coil, distributor (traver), wiring and spark plugs.
Electrical equipment
Provides this electricity equipment on-board network Auto, including the ignition system. This equipment is also made and started the engine. It consists of an acb, generator, starter, wiring, all sorts of sensors, which are followed by the operation and status of the engine.
This is the entire device of the internal combustion engine. Although it is constantly improving, but its principle does not change, only individual nodes and mechanisms are improved.
Modern development
The main task over which automakers are fighting is a decrease in fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Therefore, they constantly improve the power system, the result is the recent appearance of injection systems with direct injection.
Alternative fuels are searched for, the latest development in this direction is still the use of alcohols as fuel, as well as vegetable oils.
Also scientists are trying to establish the production of engines with a completely different principle of work. Such, for example, is the vankel engine, but there are no special success yet.
AUTOLEEK.In the overwhelming majority of cars are used as fuel for engine derivatives. When combustion of these substances, gases are distinguished. In the closed space, they create pressure. The complex mechanism perceives these loads and transforms them first into the translational movement, and then into the rotational. This is based on the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine. Next, the rotation is already transmitted to the drive wheels.
Piston Engine
What is the advantage of such a mechanism? What did new principle Work of the internal combustion engine? Currently, they are equipped with not only cars, but also agricultural and loading transport, locomotives of trains, motorcycles, mopeds, scooter. Engines of this type are installed on military equipment: Tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, boats. You can still remember the chainsaws, mowers, motor-pumps, generator substations and other mobile equipment, which uses diesel fuel to work, gasoline or gas mixture.
Prior to the invention of the principle of internal combustion of fuel, more often solid (coal, firewood) was burned in a separate chamber. To do this, the boiler was used, which warmed the water. Couples were used as the primary source of driving force. Such mechanisms were massive and overall. They equipped locomotives for locomotives and boats. The invention of the internal combustion engine made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the mechanisms at times.
System
When the engine is running, a number of cyclic processes are constantly occurring. They must be stable and go through a strictly defined period of time. This condition ensures uninterrupted operation of all systems.
Diesel engines have no fuel pre-prepared. The fuel supply system delivers it from the tank, and it is fed under high pressure in the cylinders. The gasoline along the path is pre-mixed with air.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is such that the ignition system flammbles this mixture, and the crank-connecting mechanism takes, transforms and transmits the gas energy to the transmission. The gas distribution system produces combustion products from cylinders and displays them outside the vehicle. Along the way, the sound of the exhaust is reduced.
The lubrication system provides the ability to rotate moving nodes. Nevertheless, rubbing surfaces are heated. The cooling system ensures that the temperature does not exit permissible values. Although all processes occur in automatic modeFor them, it is still necessary to observe. This provides the control system. It transmits data to the remote control to the driver's cab.
A rather complex mechanism must have a housing. It uses the main nodes and aggregates. Additional equipment for systems providing normal operation is accommodated nearby and mounted on removable mounts.
The cylinder block contains a crank-connecting mechanism. The main load from the burnt fuel gases is transmitted to the piston. It is connected to a crankshaft with a crankshaft, which converts translational movement into the rotational.
Also in the block is a cylinder. The piston moves along its inner plane. The grooves are cut on it, in which sealing rings are placed. This is necessary to minimize the gap between the planes and the creation of compression.
The cylinder head is mounted on top to the body. The gas distribution mechanism is mounted in it. It consists of a shaft with eccentric, risk and valves. Their alternate opening and closure ensure the inlet of the fuel inside the cylinder and the release of the exhaust combustion products.
The pallet of the cylinder block is mounted to the bottom of the case. Butter flows there after it lubricates the fuel connections of components of nodes and mechanisms. Inside the engine there are still channels for which the cooling fluid circulates.
Principle of operation of the DVS
The essence of the process is to transform one type of energy to another. This occurs when fuel combustion in the closed engine cylinder space. The gases released expanding, and excessive pressure is created inside the workspace. It perceives the piston. It can move up and down. The piston is connected to the crankshaft. In fact, these are the main details of the crank-connecting mechanism - the main node responsible for converting the chemical fuel energy into the rotational movement of the shaft.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on alternate change of cycles. With the progressive movement of the piston, work is performed - the crankshaft is rotated on a certain angle. At one end, a massive flywheel is fixed. After receiving acceleration, he continues to move on inertia, and it still turns the crankshaft. Now the connecting rod pushes the piston up. It occupies a working position and is ready to take over the energy of flammable fuel.
Features
Principle of operation of the DVS passenger cars Most often based on the transformation of the energy of the combustible gasoline. Trucks, tractors and special equipment are equipped mainly by diesel engines. Liquefied gas can be used as fuel. Diesel engines do not have ignition systems. Fuel ignition comes from the pressure being created in the working chamber of the cylinder.
The working cycle can be carried out for one or two crankshaft turn. In the first case, four clock occurs: the inlet of fuel and its ignition, the working stroke, compression, the release of exhaust gases. Two-stroke internal combustion engine The full cycle is carried out in one turn of the crankshaft. At the same time, in one clock, the inlet of fuel and its compression occurs, and on the second - inflammation, work move and release of exhaust gases. The role of the gas distribution mechanism in the engines of this type is played by the piston. Moving up and down, he alternately opens the windows of the inlet of fuel and release of exhaust gases.
In addition to piston engine, there are still turbine, reactive and combined internal combustion engines. The transformation of fuel energy in them to the translational movement of the vehicle is carried out according to other principles. The device of the engine and auxiliary systems is also significantly different.
Losses
Despite the fact that the engine is distinguished by the reliability and stability of work, its effectiveness is not enough, as it may seem at first glance. In the mathematical measurement of the efficiency of the internal combustion engine is an average of 30-45%. This suggests that most of the energy of the combustible fuel is consumed by frightened.
The efficiency of the best gasoline engines can only be 30%. And only massive economical diesel engines who have a lot additional mechanisms and systems can effectively convert up to 45% of fuel energy in terms of power and useful work.
The internal combustion engine device cannot exclude losses. Part of the fuel does not have time to burn and goes away with spent gases. Another article loss is an energy consumption for overcoming various kinds of resistance with friction of conjugate surfaces of parts of nodes and mechanisms. And some part of it is spent on the actuation of the engine systems, providing its normal and uninterrupted operation.
Introduction
In antiquity, people cited the simplest mechanisms with their hands or with animals. Then they learned how to use wind power, floating on sailing ships. They learned to use the wind to rotate windmills, grinding grain in flour. Later, they began to apply the energy of the flow of water in rivers for rotating water wheels. These wheels pumped and raised water or caused various mechanisms.
The history of the emergence of thermal engines goes to the distant past. Although the internal combustion engine is a very complex mechanism. And the function performed by thermal expansion in internal combustion engines is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Yes, and there would be no internal combustion engines without the use of thermal expansion of gases.
Purpose of work:
Consider the internal combustion engine.
Tasks:
1. To study the theory of external and internal combustion engines.
2. Describe a model based on the theory of DVS.
3. Consider the influence of the DVS on the environment.
4. Create a booklet on the topic: "Internal combustion engine".
Hypothesis:
As energy installations of cars, internal combustion engines were most common in which the process of combustion of fuel with heat isolating and turning it into mechanical operation directly in the cylinders. Most modern cars installed internal combustion engines.
Relevance:
Physics and physical laws are an integral part of our lives.
Technique, buildings, various processes flowing in our world - all this physics. We cannot live and not know, at least the elementary laws of this science. And, consequently, physics is a relevant, not aging science.
The topic of our work will help students understand and assimilate at first glance the most common processes in the world around us, but complex on their own device.
Results of research
Internal combustion engine
Significant growth of all industries national economy requires moving a large number of cargo and passengers. High maneuverability, permeability and fitness for work in various conditions makes a car one of the main means of transporting goods and passengers. Automobile transport accounts for over 80% of cargo transported by all types of transport together, and more than 70% of passenger traffic. Behind last years Plants automotive industry Many samples of modernized and new automotive equipment are mastered, including agriculture, construction, trade, oil and gas and forest industry. Currently, there are a large number of devices using thermal expansion of gases. Such devices include a carburetor engine, diesel engines, turbojet engines, etc.
Thermal motors can be divided into two main groups:
1. Engines with external combustion.
2. Internal combustion engines.
Studying the topic "Internal combustion engines" lesson in grade 8, we are interested in this topic. We live in modern worldin which the technique plays an important role. Not only the technique that we use at home, but on which we go - a car. Considering the car, I was convinced that the engines are the necessary part of the car. No matter if it is old or new car. Therefore, we decided to affect the theme of the internal combustion engine, which was used before and now.
In order to understand dVS device, we decided to create it yourself and that's what happened.
Production of DVS
Material: Cardboard, glue, wire, motor, gears, 9V battery.
Production course
1. Made the crankshaft from cardboard (cut the circle)
2. Made a rod (folded the rectangular sheet of cardboard 15 * 8 in half and another 90Gradus), at the ends of which they made holes
3. From the cardboard made the piston in which the holes were made (under piston fingers)
4. Piston fingers made the hole in the piston, turning the small sheet of cardboard
5. With the help of the piston finger, the piston fastened onto the connecting rod, and with the help of a wire rod attached to the crankshaft
6. In the size of the piston, the cylinder was rolled out, and the crankshaft is the crankshaft (crankcase - crankshaft box)
7. Collected the crankshaft rotation mechanism (with the help of gear and motor), so that at large motor turbines the rotating mechanism has developed smaller speed (so that it can turn the crankshaft with connecting rod and piston)
8. The rotating mechanism was attached to the crankshaft and placed it in Carter (fixing BP. The mechanism for the Carter wall)
9. The piston was placed in the cylinder and glued a cylinder with a crankcase.
10. Going two wires + and - from the motor attaching to the battery and observe the movement of the piston.
Type of model Outside
Type of model inside
Application of DVS
Thermal expansion found its use in various modern technologies. In particular, it can be said about the use of thermal expansion of gas into heat engineering. For example, this phenomenon is used in various thermal engines, i.e. in internal and external combustion engines:
* Rotary engines;
* Jet engines;
* Turbojet engines;
* Gas \u200b\u200bturbine installations;
* Vankel engines;
* Stirling engines;
* Nuclear power plants.
Thermal water expansion is used in steam turbines etc. All this in turn was widely disseminated in various sectors of the national economy. For example, internal combustion engines are most widely used:
* Transport installations;
* Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment.
In stationary energy, internal combustion engines are widely used:
* On small power plants;
* Energy trains;
* Emergency power installations.
The internal combustion engine was also large as a drive of compressors and pumps for supplying gas, oil, liquid fuel, etc. According to pipelines, in the production of exploration, for drilling drilling plants when drilling wells on gas and oil fishery.
Turboactive engines are widespread in aviation. Steam turbines are the main engine for the drive of electric generators on the TPP. Apply steam turbines also to drive centrifugal blowers, compressors and pumps.
There are even existence steam carsBut they did not get distribution due to constructive complexity.
The thermal expansion is also used in various thermal relays, the principle of operation, which is based on a linear expansion of the tube and a rod made from materials with a different temperature range of linear expansion.
The impact of thermal engines on the environment
The negative effect of thermal machines on the environment is associated with the action of various factors.
First, when burning fuel, oxygen is used from the atmosphere, as a result of which the oxygen content in the air gradually decreases.
Secondly, burning fuel is accompanied by excretion into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
Thirdly, when burning coal and oil, the atmosphere is contaminated with nitric and sulfur compounds, harmful to human health. AND car engines Each year annually thrown into the atmosphere of 2-3 tons of lead.
Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere - not the only side of the effects of thermal motors on nature. According to the laws of thermodynamics, the production of electrical and mechanical energy in principle cannot be carried out without removal to the environment of significant amounts of heat. This cannot but lead to a gradual increase in the average temperature on Earth.
Methods to combat the harmful effects of thermal engines on the environment
One way to reduce the paths of environmental pollution is associated with the use of diesel engines in cars instead of carburetor gasoline engines, in fuels of which lead connections are not added.
We promising are the development of cars, in which instead of gasoline engines use electric motors or engines using hydrogen as fuel.
Another way is to increase the efficiency of thermal motors. At the Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis. A. V. Topchieva RAS developed the latest technologies for converting carbon dioxide into methanol (methyl alcohol) and dimethyl ether that increase in 2-3 times the performance of the devices with a significant decrease in electricity. A new type reactor was created here in which the performance was increased by 2-3 times.
The introduction of these technologies will reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and will help not only create an alternative raw material for the synthesis of many organic compounds, the basis for which today is oil, but also to solve the ecological problems mentioned above.
Conclusion
Thanks to our work, you can draw the following conclusions:
There would not exist internal combustion engines without the use of thermal expansion of gases. And in this we are easily convinced, examined in detail the principle of operation of the OI, their working cycles - their whole work is based on the use of thermal expansion of gases. But the engine is only one of the specific applications of thermal expansion. And judging by the benefit of the thermal expansion of people through the internal combustion engine, one can judge the benefits of this phenomenon in other areas of human activity.
And let the era of the internal combustion engine passes, let them have a lot of flaws, let new engines appear, which do not contaminate the inner medium and not using the function of thermal expansion, but the first will benefit people for a long time, and people through many hundreds of years will be good to respond For them, for they brought humanity to a new level of development, and having passed it, humanity rose even higher.
Literature
1. Forestantia in physics: A. S. Enelokhovich - M.: Education, 1999
2. Detlaf A. A., Yavorsky B. M. Physics course: - M., Higher School., 1989.
3. Kabardin O. F. Physics: reference materials: Education 1991.
4. Internet resources.
Officers:
Shavrova T. G. Teacher physics,
Bachurin D. N. Teacher Informatics.
Municipal General Education
"May Day Secondary School No. 2"
Biysky district of the Altai Territory
Each of us has a certain car, but only some drivers think about how the car engine is arranged. It is also necessary to understand that it is necessary to completely know the car engine device only to specialists working on a hundred. For example, many of us have different electronic devicesBut this does not mean that we must understand how they are arranged. We just use them in direct appointment. However, the situation with the machine is a bit different.
We all understand that the emergence of malfunctions in the car engine directly affects our health and life. From proper work The power unit often depends on the quality of the ride, as well as the safety of people who are in the car. For this reason, we recommend paying attention to the study of this article on how the car engine works and what it consists of.
Automotive Engine Development History
Translated from the original Latin, the engine or motor means "leading in motion". Today, the engine is called a specific device intended for converting one of the types of energy into mechanical. The most popular today is the internal combustion engines, the types of which are different. The first such motor appeared in 1801, when Philippe Lebrone from France patented the motor, which operated on the light gas. After that, August Otto and Jean Etienne Lenoir presented their developments. It is known that August Otto first patented a 4-stroke engine. Until our time, the engine structure has practically not changed.
In 1872, the debut of the American engine was held, which worked on Kerosene. However, this attempt was difficult to be called successful, because kerosene could not normally explode in the cylinders. After 10 years, Gottlieb Daimler presented his engine version, which worked on gasoline, and worked quite well.
Consider modern types of car engines And we'll figure it out to which your car belongs to.
Types of automotive engines
Since the internal combustion engine is considered the most common in our time, consider the types of engines that are equipped with almost all machines today. DVS is far from the best type of engine, but it is precisely used in many vehicles.
Classification of car engines:
- Diesel engines. Innings diesel fuel It is carried out in the cylinders by means of special nozzles. Such engines do not need electrical energy to work. They need it only to launch the power unit.
- Gasoline engines. They are injectors. Today uses several types of injection systems and. There are such motors on gasoline.
- Gas engines. Compressed or liquefied gas can be used in such engines. Such gases are obtained by converting wood, coal or peat in gaseous fuel.
Work and construction of internal combustion engine
Principle of engine engine - This is a question that interests almost every car owner. During the first acquaintance with the engine structure, everything looks very difficult. However, in reality, with a thorough study, the engine device becomes quite understandable. If necessary, knowledge of the principle of operation of the engine can be used in life.
1. Block cylinders It is a kind of motor housing. Inside it is a system of channels, which is used for cooling and lubricating the power unit. It is used as a basis for additional equipment, For example, Carter and.
2. Pistonwhich is a hollow glass of metal. On its top there are "grooves" for piston rings.
3. Piston rings. Rings located at the bottom are called oilmaging, and the upper is compression. The upper rings provide a high level of compression or compression of a mixture of fuel and air. Rings are used to ensure the tightness of the combustion chamber, as well as as seals that prevent oil entering the combustion chamber.
4. Crank-connecting mechanism. Responsible for the transmission of the reciprocating energy of the piston movement on the engine crankshaft.
Many motorists do not know that in fact the principle of operation of the DVS is quite simple. First gets out of the injectors to the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with air. Then gives a spark that causes the felting of the fuel and air mixture, which is why it explodes. Gases that are formed as a result of this, move the piston down, in the process of which it transmits the corresponding movement crankshaft. The crankshaft begins to rotate the transmission. After that, the set of special gears transfers the movement on the wheels of the front or rear axle (depending on the drive, maybe for all four).
This is how the car engine works. Now you will not be able to deceive unfair experts who will take care of the repair of the power unit of your car.
This is an introductory part of the cycle of the dedicated articles Internal combustion engine, a brief excursion in history, telling about the evolution of the DVS. Also, the article will be affected by the first cars.
The following parts will describe in detail various DVS:
Row-piston
Rotor
Turboactive
Jet
The engine was installed on a boat that was able to rise upstream of the Sona River. A year later, after the test, the brothers received a patent for their invention, signed by Napoleon Bonopart, for a period of 10 years.
It would be more correct to call this engine with reactive, since his work was to pushing the water from the pipe located under the bottom of the boat ...
The engine consisted of a ignition chamber and combustion chamber, air bellows, fuel-dispensing device and ignition device. Coal dust served fuel.
The bellows injected the air jet mixed with coal dust into the ignition chamber where the glowing wick brought a mixture. After that, a partially imposed mixture (coal dust burns relatively slowly) hit the combustion chamber where he completely burned and extension occurred.
Next, the pressure of gases pushed water from exhaust pipethat forced the boat to move, after that the cycle was repeated.
The engine worked in a pulse mode with a frequency of ~ 12 and / minute.
After some time, the brothers had improved the fuel adding a resin into it, and later replaced it with oil and constructed a simple injection system.
For the next ten years, the project has not received any development. Claude went to England in order to promote the idea of \u200b\u200bthe engine, but she cleared all the money and did not achieve anything, and Joseph took up his photo and became the author of the world's first photo "View from the window".
In France, in the House-Museum of Niepsum, a replica "Pyreolophore" is set.
A little later, de Riva watered his engine to a four-wheeled wagon, which, according to historians, became the first car from the engine.
About Alessandro Volta
Volta for the first time placed plate from zinc and copper in acid to get continuous electricityBy creating the world's first chemical current source ("Volt Poll").
In 1776, the Volta invented the gas pistol - "Volta Pistol", in which the gas exploded from the electrical spark.
In 1800 built a chemical battery, which made it possible to receive electricity with the help of chemical reactions.
The name of the Volta is called the unit of measurement of electrical voltage - volts.
A. - cylinder, B. - "spark plug, C. - piston, D. - "Air" ball with hydrogen, E. - ratchet, F. - valve dump of exhaust gases, G. - Handle to control the valve.
The hydrogen was stored in the "air" ball with a connected pipe with a cylinder. The supply of fuel and air, as well as the approach of the mixture and the release of exhaust gases was carried out manually, with the help of levers.
Principle of operation:
Through the reset valve of the exhaust gases into the combustion chamber was air.
The valve closed.
A tap of hydrogen feed from a ball opened.
Crane closed.
By pressing the button fed an electrical discharge on the "candle".
The mixture flashed and raised the piston up.
Opened valve discharge valve gases.
The piston fell under his own weight (he was heavy) and pulled the rope, which turned the wheels through the block.
After that, the cycle was repeated.
In 1813, de Riva built another car. It was a wagon of about six meters long, with two-dimensional diameter wheels and weighing almost tons.
The car was able to drive 26 meters with a cargo of stones. (about 700 pounds) and four men, at a speed of 3 km / h.
With each cycle, the car moved to 4-6 meters.
Few of his contemporaries seriously belonged to this invention, and the French Academy of Sciences argued that the internal combustion engine would never compete with a steam engine.
In 1833., American inventor Lemuel Wellman Wright, registered a patent for a two-stroke gas engine of internal combustion with water-cooled.
(see below) In his book, Gas and Oil Engines wrote about Wright Engine the following:
"The engine drawing is quite functional, and the details are carefully worked out. The explosion of the mixture acts directly on the piston, which through the connecting rod rotates the crank shaft. By appearance The engine resembles a high-pressure steam machine, in which the gas and air are supplied with the pumps from individual tanks. The mixture in spherical containers was settled during the lifting of the piston in the NTC (the upper dead point) and pushed it down / up. At the end of the clock, the valve opened and discharged exhaust gases into the atmosphere. "
It is not known whether this engine has ever been built, but there is its drawing:
In 1838., English engineer William Barnett received a patent for three internal combustion engines.
The first engine is a two-way one-sided action. (fuel burned only on one side of the piston) with separate gas and air pumps. The insertion of the mixture occurred in a separate cylinder, and then the burning mixture flowed into the working cylinder. The intake and release was carried out through the mechanical valve.
The second engine repeated the first, but there was a double action, that is, the burning took place alternately from both sides of the piston.
The third engine was also a double action, but had intake and exhaust windows in the cylinder walls open at the time reaching the extreme point of the extreme point (as in modern two-stakeholders). This allowed to automatically produce exhaust gases and insert a new charge of the mixture.
A distinctive feature of the Barnett engine was that the fresh mixture was compressed by the piston before ignition.
Drawing of one of the Barnett engines:
In 1853-57, Italian Inventors Economy Barzantti and Felice Mattecchi developed and patented a two-cylinder internal combustion engine. Power 5 l / s.
The patent was issued by the London Bureau as Italian legislation could not guarantee sufficient protection.
The construction of the prototype was charged with Bauer & Co. Of Milan » (Helvetica), and completed in early 1863. The success of the engine, which was much more efficient than the steam machine, was so great that the company began to receive orders from all over the world.
Early, single-cylinder engine Barzantty Mattecchi:
The model of the two-cylinder engine Barzantty Mattecchi:
Matteuchchi and Barzantti concluded an agreement on the manufacture of an engine with one of the Belgian companies. Barzantti left for Belgium to observe the work personally and suddenly died of typhus. With the death of Barzantty, all the work on the engine was discontinued, and Matteuchchi returned to her former work as a hydraulic engineer.
In 1877, Matteuchchi argued that he from Barzantti was the main creators of the internal combustion engine, and the engine built by August, Otto very much looked at the engine Barzantty-Mattecchi.
Documents concerning Barzantti and Matteuchchi patents are stored in the Museo Galileo library archive in Florence.
The most important invention of Nicolaus Otto was the engine with four-stroke cycle - Otto cycle. This cycle to this day underlies the work of most gas and gasoline engines.
The four-stroke cycle was the biggest technical achievement Otto, but soon it was found that several years before his invention, the same principle of operation of the engine was described by the French engineer Boy de Rocha (see above). The group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court, the court found them arguing convincing. Otto's rights that aroused out of his patent were significantly reduced, including its monopoly right to a four-stroke cycle.
Despite the fact that competitors have established the release of four-stroke engines, spent by many years of experience, the Otto model was still the best, and the demand for it did not stop. By 1897, about 42 thousand such engines of different power were released. However, the fact that light gas was used as a fuel, the area of \u200b\u200btheir use was strongly narrowed.
The number of luminaire plants was insignificantly even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two in Russia - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In 1865., French inventor Pierre Hugo received a patent for a car a vertical single-cylinder double-acting engine, in which two rubber pumps were used to supply the mixture, resulting from the crankshaft.
Later, Hugo constructed a horizontal engine similar to the Lenoara engine.
Science Museum, London.
In 1870, Austro-Hungarian inventor Samuel Marcus Siegfried constructed an internal combustion engine working on liquid fuel and installed it on a four-wheel cart.
Today, this car is well known as the "The First Marcus Car".
In 1887, in collaboration with Bromovsky & Schulz, Markus built a second car - "Second Marcus Car".
In 1872., The American inventor patented a two-cylinder internal combustion engine of a constant pressure operating on kerosene.
Brighton called his engine "READY MOTOR".
The first cylinder performed the function of the compressor that was injected into the combustion chamber, which continuously arrived kerosene. In the combustion chamber, the mixture was mounted and through the spool mechanism came to the second - the working cylinder. Significant difference from other engines was that fuel and air mixture Groduce gradually and at constant pressure.
Interested in thermodynamic aspects of the engine, can read about the "Breiton cycle".
In 1878.Scottish Sir Engineer (in 1917 dedicated to knights) Developed the first two-stroke engine with the ignition of a compressed mixture. He patented him in England in 1881.
The engine worked in a curious way: air and fuel was supplied to the right cylinder, it was mixed there and this mixture was pushed into the left cylinder, where the combustion of the mixture from the candle took place. Expansion occurred, both pistons lowered, from the left cylinder (through the left nozzle) Exhaust gases were thrown out, and a new portion of air and fuel was absorbed into the right cylinder. Following the inertia, the pistons rose and the cycle was repeated.
In 1879., built quite reliable gasoline two-stroke Engine and received a patent on it.
However, the real genius of Benz manifested itself in the fact that in subsequent projects he managed to combine various devices (choke, ignition with sparks with battery, spark plug, carburetor, clutch, gearbox and radiator) On its products, which in turn has become a standard for all mechanical engineering.
In 1883, Benz founded Benz & Cie on production gas engines and in 1886 patented four-stroke The engine that it is used on its cars.
Thanks to the success of "Benz & Cie", Benz was able to design of slaughtered crews. By combining the experience of making engines and long-standing hobbies - construction of bicycles, by 1886 he built his first car and called him "Benz Patent Motorwagen".
The design is strongly reminded by a three-wheeling bike.
Single-cylinder four-dimensional internal combustion engine with a working volume of 954 cm3. Mounted on " Benz Patent Motorwagen.".
The engine was equipped with a large flywheel (used not only for uniform rotation, but also for launch), a 4.5 liter gas tank, an evaporative type carburetor and a spool valve through which the fuel was entered into the combustion chamber. The ignition was made by the spark plug in the Benz's own design, the voltage was supplied from the Rumkor's coil.
Cooling was a water, but not closed cycle, but evaporative. Steam went into the atmosphere, so that the car had to be charged not only with gasoline, but also water.
The engine developed the power of 0.9 hp With 400 rpm and accelerated the car to 16 km / h.
Karl Benz for the "Board" of his car.
A little later, in 1896, Carl Benz invented opposite Engine (or flat engine) In which the pistons reaches the top dead point at the same time, thereby balancing each other.
Museum "Mercedes-Benz" in Stuttgart.
In 1882., English Engineer James Atkinson came up with the Atkinson's cycle and the Atkinson engine.
Atkinson's engine is essentially an engine operating by four-stroke otto cyclebut with changed crank mechanism. The difference was that in Atkinson's engine, all four tacts occurred in one turn of the crankshaft.
The use of the Atkinson cycle in the engine made it possible to reduce the consumption of fuel and reduce the noise level when working due to less pressure during the release. In addition, this engine did not require a gearbox to drive the gas distribution mechanism, since the opening of the valves led the crankshaft.
Despite a number of advantages (including bypassing OTTO patents) The engine has not been widespread due to the complexity of manufacturing and some other flaws.
Atkinson's cycle allows you to get the best environmental indicators and efficiency, but requires high revolutions. On small turns, it gives a relatively small moment and can stumble.
Now the Atkinson's engine is used on the hybrid cars "Toyota Prius" and "Lexus HS 250H".
In 1884., British engineer Edward Butler, on the London Bicycle Show "Stanley Cycle Show" demonstrated the drawings of a three-wheel car with internal combustion gasoline engineAnd in 1885 built it and showed it at the same exhibition, calling "Velocycle". Also, Butler was the first one who used the word petrol.
Patent for "Velocycle" was issued in 1887.
The "Velocycle" was installed single-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine equipped with a ignition coil, a carburetor, choke and liquid cooling. The engine developed the power of about 5 hp With a volume of 600 cm3, and accelerated the car to 16 km / h.
Over the years, Batler has improved the characteristics of his vehicle, but it was deprived of the possibility of testing it because of the "Law of the Red Flag" (published in 1865) , Whereby vehicles Did not exceed the speed of over 3 km / h. In addition, three people were in the car, one of which was supposed to go before the car with the Red Flag (Such is safety measures) .
In the magazine "English Mechanic" from 1890, Butler wrote - "The authorities prohibit the use of a car on the roads, as a result, I refuse to further development."
Due to the lack of public interest in the car, Butler disassembled it on scrap metal, and sold the patent rights of Harry J. Louuson (bicycle manufacturer) which continued the engine production for use on boats.
The Batler himself moved to the creation of stationary and ship engines.
In 1891., Herbert Eykroyd Stewart in collaboration with the company "Richard Hornsby and Sons" built the engine "HORNSBY-AKROYD", in which the fuel (kerosene) under pressure was injected in additional camar (because of the form it was called "hot ball")mounted on the cylinder head and connected with a combustion chamber by a narrow passage. The fuel flammped from the hot walls of the extra chamber and rushed into the combustion chamber.
1. Additional camera (Hot Ball).
2. Cylinder.
3. Piston.
4. Carter.
To start the engine, a soldering lamp was used, which heated an additional chamber (after launch it was heated by exhaust gases). Because of this, the engine "HORNSBY-AKROYD", which was predecessor diesel engine Designed by Rudolph Diesel, often called "Semi-Diesel". However, a year later, Eykroyd improved his engine adding a "water shirt" (patent from 1892), which made it possible to increase the temperature in the combustion chamber due to an increase in the degree of compression, and now there was no need for an additional heating source.
In 1893., Rudolph Diesel received patents on a heat engine and a modified "carno cycle" called "Method and apparatus for the conversion of high temperature to work".
In 1897, at the "Augsburg Machine-Building Plant" (since 1904 MAN), with the financial participation of the company Friedrich Krupp and the Zulzer brothers, the first functioning Diesel Rudolph Diesel was created
The engine power was 20 horsepower at 172 revolutions per minute, efficiency of 26.2% with a weight of five tons.
It was much surpassed existing engines Otto with efficiency of 20% and ship vapor turbines with efficiency 12%, which caused the living industry in different countries.
The diesel engine was four-stroke. The inventor found that the efficiency of the internal combustion engine increases from increasing the degree of compression of the combustible mixture. But it is impossible to compress the combustible mixture strongly, because the pressure and temperature increases and it is self-proposal ahead of time. Therefore, the diesel decided to compress it is not a combustible mixture, but clean air and the end of the compression inject fuel into the cylinder under strong pressure.
Since the compressed air temperature reached 600-650 ° C, the fuel was self-proposal, and the gases, expanding, moved the piston. Thus, diesel managed to significantly increase the efficiency of the engine, get rid of the ignition system, and instead of the carburetor use fuel pump high pressure
In 1933, Elling prophetically wrote: "When I started working on a gas turbine in 1882, I was firmly confident that my invention would be in demand in the aircraft industry."
Unfortunately, Elling died in 1949, and without surviving the era of turbojet aviation.
The only photo that managed to find.
Perhaps someone will find anything about this person in the Norwegian Museum of Technology.
In 1903., Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, in the journal "Scientific Review" published an article "Investigation of world spaces with reactive devices", where he first proved that the device capable of making a space flight is a rocket. The article was also offered the first project of a long-range missile. The body was an oblong metal chamber equipped with liquid jet engine (which is also an internal combustion engine) . As a fuel and oxidant, he offered to use liquid hydrogen and oxygen respectively.
Probably on this rocket and space note and it is worth finish the historical part, since the 20th century came and the internal combustion engines began to be made everywhere.
Philosophical Afterword ...
K.E. Tsiolkovsky believed that in the foreseeable future, people will learn to live if not forever, then at least very long. In this regard, there will be little space (resources) on Earth and will need ships for resettlement to other planets. Unfortunately, something in this world went wrong, and with the help of the first missiles, people decided to simply destroy themselves like ...
Thanks to everyone who read.
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