This article will consider the properties, characteristics and benefits of oils poured into KamAZ engines. Kamsky car factory is known in Russia and abroad for its trucks, tractors, buses, tractors, combines, and other equipment. Many people know firsthand the amazing durability of the equipment produced by this plant. Special attention should be paid to power units. KamAZ engines are capable of working properly even in severe climatic conditions... When right, quality care motors travel hundreds of thousands of kilometers without breakdowns. Diesel engines are unpretentious in terms of fuel quality, however, the right oil is very important for them. This is what this article will be about.
The volume of oil in the KAMAZ engine
Before choosing an engine oil, you need to know exactly how much oil you need to fill in the KamAZ engine. Depending on the model and modification, the volume of oil in the KamAZ engine can vary from 25 to 35 liters. As an example, we will highlight the most popular KamAZ models, engines and volume filling tank lubrication systems:
- KamAZ 5320, KamAZ 4310 (740.10) - 28 liters;
- KamAZ 65115 (740.11- 740.13) - 30 liters;
- KamAZ 6520, KamAZ 55111 (740.50- 740.51) - 33.2 liters;
- KamAZ 43118 (740.55) - 28 liters.
The volume may differ slightly from various factors, so we recommend that you focus on the indicators of the oil dipstick.
The power unit with an insufficient amount of lubrication is much more susceptible to wear during operation, and more often fails. The use of not recommended oils and the disturbed frequency of their replacement increases the wear of the internal components of the motor.
Properties of oils and their differences
Modern engine oil is made from mineral and synthetic base oils, additive packages. Due to this, the engine oil differs in thermal-oxidative capacity, viscosity, temperature and performance properties. The choice of engine oil brand depends on your preferences and needs. It is worth highlighting the main characteristics motor oils, poured into the KamAZ 740 engine:
- viscosity level. In diesel power units, oils with an increased level of internal friction are used;
- operational properties. For engines with a gas turbine pressurization system are used special oils;
- viscosity class.
With timely replacement and compliance with the required amount of oil poured into the KamAZ engine, you can achieve the maximum engine service life.
The main role of engine oil in a KAMAZ engine
Undoubtedly, many people know that engine oil is used to lubricate piston and rotary engines... However, few people know that motor oils, among other things, perform a number of irreplaceable functions:
- dissolving contaminants, neutralizing acids, ensuring engine cleanliness;
- cooling internal elements motor;
- increase in the nominal crankcase temperature;
- increasing the strength of metal;
- anti-corrosion protection;
- protection from external influences;
- ensuring a cold start;
- protection of elements from temperature extremes.
To power unit worked properly in any conditions regularly maintain the required amount of oil in the KamAZ engine, and do not forget to replace it in a timely manner.
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The durability and reliability of the power unit of cars of the Kama Automobile Plant depends precisely on what kind of oil is poured into the KAMAZ engines. They are known for their reliability, endurance, ruggedness and extended durability. And a significant role in this was played by the lubrication system of automobile engines. Different lubricants are used depending on the brand of the unit and its design.
There are a large number of different brands and types of oils on the market today. And here the main thing is to do right choice, because the main indicators of the performance of the motor will depend on this. Oil for the KAMAZ engine is selected in strict accordance with the engine specification. And each owner of a truck of this brand should decide what kind of oil to pour into the KAMAZ engine, based on the manufacturer's recommendations. Oil for KAMAZ engines should be used group CD according to API division or group D according to GOST 17479.1. KamAZ engine oils are most often used in accordance with international classifications from SAE 15W-40, for all seasons of use, to SAE 5W-40 or 5W-30, for areas with cold climatic and difficult operating conditions. KamAZ engine oil for seasonal work or for service in a moderate climate zone can be used with SAE 20W.
What oil is better for pouring into a kamaz engine
One of the most common oils for KAMAZ diesel engines is KAMAZ SAE 15W40 API CI-4 / SL K10-40.50. What kind of oil to pour into the KAMAZ engine is chosen in each case by the mechanics themselves who service the cars. Sometimes, KAMAZ SAE 15W40 API CI-4 / SL OPTIMUM KO15-40.50 engine oil is used for KAMAZ engines, which has improved characteristics. Oil for the KamAZ 740 engine is selected based on the future operating conditions of the car, most often it is Lukoil-Super (SAE 15W-40, CE / SG) or Lukoil-Super (SAE 15W-40, CF-4 / SG). The brand of oil for the KAMAZ engine has a serious impact on the operation and performance of the engine. And on what kind of oil is poured into the KAMAZ engine, its durability and reliability depend. Engine oil KAMAZ brand CES 20078, 20076 has improved friction characteristics and contribute to less wear of rubbing parts.
Modern motors of the Kama Automobile Plant, which correspond to modern environmental standards, require special lubrication. Lukoil of the Super series with various viscosities is poured into the Euro 3 KamAZ engine with different viscosities, since the principle of operation of a power unit with air pressurization is radically different in design from atmospheric. Oil in a KAMAZ turbo engine of the Lubri-Loy15w40 API CJ-4 / SN, CES 20081, Lubri-Loy API CI-4 / SL Multi-Grade or CES 20072 brand contribute to the durability and reliability of power units.
List of engine oils for KAMAZ engines
LUKOIL-MZk factory run-in oil
LUKOIL AVANTGARDE semi-synthetic SAE 10W-40, API CF-4 / SG
LUKOIL AVANTGARDE SAE 15W-40, API CF-4 / SG
CONSOL Titanium Transit SAE 15W-40, API CF-4 / SG
Rosneft Maximum Diesel SAE 10W-40, API CF-4 / SG
Rosneft Optimum Diesel SAE 15W-40, API CF-4 / SG
Rosneft Maximum Diesel SAE 15W-40, API CF-4 / SG
Diesel Extra SAE 10W-40, 15W-40, API CF-4 / CF / SG
QUALITY 5c / 14 (SAE 15W-40), type CF-4 / SG
Ekoil Turbodiesel SAE 15W-40, 10W-40, API CF-4 / SJ
Tatneft Profi SAE 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-30, 10W-40, 15W-40 API CF-4 / SG
THK Revolux D1 15W-40, API CF-4, CF / SJ
THK Revolux D2 10W-40, 15W-40, API CG-4, CF / SJ
Novoil Turbo Diesel SAE 10W-40, 15W-40, API CF-4 / SH
SINTOIL SAE 10W-30, 10W-40, 15W-40, 20W-50, API CF-4 / SJ
Select Lubricants Magnum API CF-4 / SG, SAE 10W-40, 15W-40
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The enterprise for the production of KAMAZ vehicles (Kama Automobile Plant) was founded in 1976. it Russian company, whose main occupation is the production of trucks operating on diesel fuel... In addition, they produce buses, tractors, harvesters, power plants and other components. The power plants used on the equipment were developed by the designers of the plant, initially the best foreign analogues were taken as a basis.
KAMAZ engines for their unpretentious nature: reliability, durability, simplicity of design and worthy characteristics were highly appreciated by consumers. Today, it is one of the most popular brands of trucks used both in our region and abroad.
The impetus in the development of the enterprise was given by another plant, ZIL (plant named after Likhachev), until 1956 was called ZIS (plant named after Stalin). In 1976, by order of the management, all the technical documentation for the development of the ZIL-170 vehicle, which was led by the plant, was transferred to KAMAZ. Thus, the production of the KAMAZ-5320 vehicle began. Until 1980, ZIL developed 9 KAMAZ models, trained the plant staff and eliminated design flaws.
Throughout its history, a huge number of power units have been produced. The most popular was the KAMAZ 740 series. power plants There are several 740 series, their main differences from each other were their compliance with one or another Euro standard.
The motors turned out to be successful, for a long time other manufacturers bought them for installation on their cars. So, from 1979 to 1992, they produced a ZIL car with a KAMAZ engine. These were the following modifications: ZIL-133G2 and ZIL-133VYa (tractor, dump truck and crane) with KAMAZ-740 power plants; ZIL-E133VYAT (tractor) with a KAMAZ-7403 unit.
Main characteristics of power plants of the 740 series
The ancestor of the series of engines was the KAMAZ 740 V8 model, the first models of this engine had a volume of 10852 cm 3, while the power was developed up to 210 horse power... Later models came out with power in the range from 180-360 hp. All power plants of KAMAZ run on diesel fuel, the choice in its favor is not accidental: firstly, less fuel is consumed, and secondly, better lubrication the engine and its parts, thirdly, the power plant has more power.
A feature of the operation of KAMAZ engines can also be considered an indicator such as an increased compression ratio, compared with gasoline engines internal combustion... So, gasoline power plants have a degree of 8-10 units, while a KAMAZ engine is 17 units. In addition, there are no spark plugs in the engines, this is due to the specifics of the diesel engine. Ignition and combustion in such power plants occurs due to high pressure.
Due to the movement of the piston to the top dead center position, the internal volume decreases sharply, a jump in the increase in pressure and temperature occurs. It is on this principle that a diesel engine works.
In the labeling of its products, the manufacturer uses various designations that are responsible for the type of power plant:
- V-cylinders of the motor are located in two rows, the angle between which is less than 90 °;
- L-cylinders are arranged in two rows, the angle between which is close to 90 °;
- R-arrangement of cylinders in-line.
Power plant KAMAZ 740
The Kamaz engine of the 740th modification has a number of advantages and features over its competitors:
- The design of the motor is such that with the same characteristics as those of similar manufacturers, it is much smaller. The motor is a kind of compromise between large, but low-power plants that consume a fairly large amount of fuel, and quite reliable, and powerful, economical, but less reliable and durable.
- The car has become widespread, thanks to the ability to work in conditions low temperatures... In particular, KAMAZ has no problems with starting in the cold season. The motor has a powerful battery and starter, as well as an engine heating system.
- Timing system drive, compressors, hydraulic booster, pump: work by transmitting torque from the motor through gears with straight teeth.
Power plants of Euro class
The Euro 0 model can be considered the founder of the KAMAZ 740 series engines. This is a very reliable unit with good technical characteristics, high reliability and service life. However, the KAMAZ engine did not correspond to the classes environmental safety and this was his main disadvantage.
Power plant KAMAZ (Euro 0)
The power plants of KAMAZ Euro 2 were more modern and improved in comparison with the previous class. At that time, they met all the requirements for units in terms of environmental safety. There were 4 engine modifications, their characteristics are as follows:
Power plant KAMAZ (Euro 2)
| Powerplant model | 740.31-240 | 740.30-260 | 740.51-320 | 740.50-360 |
| Power, hp | 240 | 260 | 320 | 360 |
| Crankshaft, rotation frequency | 2200 | |||
| Torque, Nm | 980 | 1078 | 1020 | 1147 |
| Cylinders, pieces, location | 8, V | |||
| Cylinder, Ø / Piston, stroke, mm | 120/120 | 120/130 | ||
| Engine, volume, l. | 10,85 | 10,85 | 11,76 | 11,76 |
| Fuel mixture, compression ratio | 16 | 16,5 | 16,5 | 16,5 |
| Cylinders, work | 1,5,4,2,6,3,7,8 | |||
| Crankshaft, rotation | right | |||
| Engine, weight, gross, kg. | 760 | 885 | 885 | 885 |
| Lubrication system, l. | 26 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Cooling system, l. | 18 | |||
Power plants KAMAZ Euro 3 were a transitional link between Euro 2 and Euro 4. More modern and popular engines are units of modification Euro 4. KAMAZ engines technical characteristics:
Power plants KAMAZ (Euro 4)
In addition, foreign-made power plants were installed on KAMAZ vehicles. They were in no way inferior in performance to our engines, but they had a significant disadvantage in price - they were more expensive. The units have established themselves as reliable, durable, powerful equipment, worthy of the user's attention.
All 740 series motors have a similar operating principle. Features include:
- The cylinder block is the main part of the engine, it is made according to the principle of a single block, all attachments are attached to it;
- The crankshaft is located in the center of the installation, it has a significant shift to the lower part of the engine. A crankcase containing oil is located under the crankshaft. The volume of oil in the engine is about 26 or 28 liters.
- As for the valves - there are 16 of them, two valves per cylinder.
Repair of the KAMAZ 740 engine must be carried out in specialized workshops. The fact is that the maintenance of diesel power plants is complicated by the features of the motors themselves and is not an easy task.
The only thing you can do with your own hands without causing significant harm in the absence of special types of tools is to change the oil and coolant.
Coolant, change
The cooling system is a closed liquid-type system with forced circulation. The thermal regime is controlled by a thermostat and fluid couplings. The circulation itself takes place at the expense of a centrifugal pump, the process is as follows: first, the left row of cylinders is washed, then the right one.
The coolant flows through the cylinder liners and through a hole in the cylinder head. The heated antifreeze enters the thermostat and, depending on where it detects it, into the water pump, or into the radiator.
According to regulations technical regulations, the coolant in the power plant must be changed, depending on the operation, every three or five years. The main indicator of the unsuitability of a liquid for further use is its color. If it has a dirty tint and differs from the original color, further use is unacceptable.
It is necessary to constantly monitor what level of coolant the power plant has at the moment, in order to avoid overheating of the motor. If necessary, add the required amount of liquid, such as Tosol-A40. At each start of the motor, it is advisable to carry out the following actions:
- On a special expansion tank open the tap and see if the liquid has flowed out. If yes, the level is normal. Return the crane to its original condition and start the engine. If not, add coolant until it flows out of the tap. If fluid does not flow, check the valve and the cooling system as a whole for damage.
- If there is a lack of coolant, or no coolant at all, it is strictly forbidden to start the power plant. By performing this action, you can disable the impeller, which will entail expensive repairs.
- If it is necessary to replace the liquid due to its unsatisfactory condition: it is necessary to drain the liquid from the lower valve of the radiator, boiler, heater, from the cabin stove pipe. After that, it is necessary to close all the taps and refill the system to the desired level.
Oil, change
The power plant is equipped with a combined lubrication system, oil is supplied to the rubbing parts different ways, such as: spraying, gravity, under pressure. The unit consists of devices: storage, supply, filtration, oil cooling.
The movement of oil starts from the sump using a pump. It comes through the filter into the oil receiver, then to the pump and into the discharge section. From the section, through the channel, it enters a special oil filter, and then into the highway. The cylinder head and the cylinders themselves are lubricated first, then the crankshaft, the gas distribution mechanism, the compressor, and the fuel pump.
Excess grease is removed by means of oil scraper rings in the cylinders, then it is removed through the piston channels, lubricating the piston pin bearing. Getting to the power thermal sensor from the main line, with an open tap that turns on the hydraulic clutch, oil also lubricates. If the tap is closed, oil enters the centrifugal filter and then into the sump.
How much oil is in the KAMAZ engine, what is the replacement frequency and how to carry out the whole process correctly, everyone who works with cars of the brand should know the answers to all these questions.
Oil, like all working fluids, has its own replacement frequency. The documentation for each power plant indicates at what mileage it is necessary to replace.
A special dipstick with a mark is used to check the oil level in the engine. When normal level, the oil will be at the "B" value. If the quantity is insufficient, it is required to top up the lubricating liquid to the required value, otherwise, while working, the engine and its parts will undergo significant wear and early failure cannot be avoided. It is better not to allow an excess of oil, as it can lead to damage to mechanisms with rubber seals.
Change oil if necessary:
- Start the engine and warm up to 80 ° С;
- Turn off the motor and unscrew drain plug crankcase;
- Drain the oil completely;
- Be sure to change your filters;
- The centrifugal oil filter must be disassembled and the rotor washed;
- Fill in oil up to the “B” mark on the dipstick;
- Start the power plant and let it idle for 10 minutes;
- Stop the engine, let the oil settle (10 minutes) and add the required amount to the “B” mark.
Disadvantages and typical breakdowns of power plants
Repair of KAMAZ engines does not bring much trouble to the owner, if you strictly follow the maintenance schedule and carry it out in accordance with passport recommendations. So, it is necessary to regularly, with the established frequency, carry out service maintenance main components, change working fluids, adjust thermal clearances, change filters.
If serious breakdowns It was not possible to avoid, as a recommendation, the KAMAZ engine should be repaired better by qualified specialists, since special equipment and stands are required to complete all the necessary work.
The main malfunctions of power plants include:
- The power plant does not start. Air may be present in the fuel supply system. It is necessary to identify the cause of the appearance of air, bring the system into a sealed state and pump fuel.
- The engine will not start. The fuel injection advance angle may be violated. It is necessary to adjust the lead angle.
- The engine will not start in sub-zero temperatures. Water ingress into the fuel pipes or on the fuel intake grid and its subsequent freezing. Need to warm up fuel filters, tanks and pipes with hot water in order to melt the frozen liquid.
- Rough operation of the power unit, the motor vibrates strongly, does not hold idle speed, power dips with increasing speed. Possible cause is the clogging of the nozzles. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to flush the nozzles on a special stand.
The KamAZ-740 engine can rightfully be considered one of the best Soviet and domestic cargo engines. Over the history of its release, this power unit has received a lot of modifications and upgrades, but they all formed the basis of the first engine, which was developed back in 1974.
Specifications
To begin with, it is worth answering the question - what is KAMAZ? it heavy vehicle, which has a fairly wide number of body options and attachments... Produces these vehicles - Kama Automobile Plant. The technical characteristics of the KamAZ-740 engine are quite high. The main domestic competitor this motor is the product of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, namely the YaMZ-236/238 model. Although, if you look at it, then each of them has taken its own market niche and adheres to it. The device of the KamAZ-740 engine is even somewhat similar to the YaMZ, but still a number of design differences can be traced. So, the Kama engine has a separate block head for each cylinder.
Depending on the year of manufacture and generation, KamAZ-740 engines have different environmental standards: from Euro-0 to Euro-5. So, let's consider the main technical characteristics of the 740 power unit and its modifications.
Motors Euro-0 marked 740.210 and 740.260
Euro-2 motors with marking 740.31-240 and 740.30-260
Motors Euro-2 marked 740.51-320 and 740.50-360
Euro-4 motors marked 740.70 and modifications
As the characteristics of the KamAZ engine showed, the power units that Kamsky produces motor plantare strong enough and capable of giving great power truck to transport goods.
Service
Maintenance of the 740 is simple enough. Replacement lubricating fluid should be performed every 15,000 km, based on the repair and maintenance manual. But, as practice shows, for each model of the KamAZ engine, maintenance occurs at different times.
So, for the usual diesel engine, indeed, maintenance is carried out every 15,000 km, but for a turbodiesel, starting with Euro-2, it is possible to carry out maintenance after 20,000 km.
When servicing the engine, it is mandatory to change the oil and filters. But experts recommend also checking fuel system and adjust the valves. Such operations will prevent hasty wear of the power unit and can extend its service life by 100,000 km, which is very important both in terms of money and during overhaul.
Repairs and faults
Like any powertrain, the 740 engine tends to break down. So, malfunctions of the KamAZ-740 engine occur during operation. The two main components that can fail are the water pump and the high pressure fuel pump. Also, do not forget that injection breakdown is frequent, or rather, contamination of injectors.
Since the cost of these parts is high, the owners of KamAZ are supporters of cleaning. So, it is worth cleaning the injectors every 20-30 thousand km of run, since usually engines are operated at low-quality fuel... And where did our people see high-quality oil products in our country ?!
Replacing the water pump
Of course, changing the water pump on a 740 engine is the last thing to do, and that's when it's completely worn out. Often, car enthusiasts install repair kits, which include: shaft, bearing, seal, O-ring and impeller. In less rare cases, the pulley is changed.
Therefore, in this part of the article, we will consider the process of repairing the water pump of the KamAZ-740 engine. Before starting, it is worth considering what elements this part consists of:
1. Pulley. 2. Dust-reflective washer. 3. Retaining ring. 4. Bearings 1160305-A and 1160304-K. 5. Shaft key. 6. Shaft of the water pump. 7. Water pump collar. 8. Water pump housing. 9. Oil seal. 10. The ring is persistent. 11. O-ring. 12. Cage of the sealing ring. 13. Impeller. 14. Oiler. 15. Pump plug.
Now that everything is clearly visible, you can draw up a sequence of actions. First, it's worth collecting the toolkit. Instructions and steps to replace the water pump:
- We drain the coolant from the system.
- We carry out dismantling of wire belts.
- Disconnect the coolant supply and outlet pipes.
- We unscrew the bolts securing the water pump.
- By bending back the lock washer, keep the shaft from turning and unscrew the cap nut.
- Remove the impeller using a puller.
- Next, take out the oil seal.
- After that, you can dismantle the pulley, key and dust deflector.
- It is now possible to remove the shaft assembly.
- The assembly is carried out upside-down.
- The repaired water pump is installed in the same way as it was removed - on 3 mounting bolts.
Cleaning the nozzles
If the injectors are clogged, they must be removed from the injection system. The nozzle itself consists of a body and a spray. It is the spray that needs to be cleaned. This is done using a special stand for rinsing nozzles by drip and spray methods.
The injector is removed from the fuel rail, and then the atomizer is removed from it. It is placed in a special hole where the cleaning fluid is supplied under pressure. If you choose the right cleaner, it will dissolve and wash out all residues of oil products that clog the part.
With prolonged use, the sprayer will become clogged to such an extent that flushing is ineffective and must be replaced. Of course, you should understand that the product is not cheap, so you should take good care of the sprayer and carry out maintenance on time.
Overhaul: basic provisions
Overhaul of the KamAZ-740 engine is a rather complicated procedure that requires knowledge of the design, technical standards and special equipment to carry out these operations. There are instructions for the overhaul of power units, which were developed by the manufacturer.
Of course, not all car services that specialize in the repair of internal combustion engines adhere to this, but all the subtleties and nuances of the process are clearly and accurately spelled out in them.
Consider the sequence of actions aimed at carrying out recovery operations on the KamAZ-740 engine:
- First, a faulty motor is disassembled to determine defects.
- The next step is troubleshooting. This includes carrying out diagnostic work on the crankshaft, cylinder heads, which are placed one for each cylinder, and camshaft, water and oil pumps. Separately, it should be noted that when carrying out major overhaul and restoration work on the engine, restoration work is mandatory fuel pump high pressure fuel supply.
- The next stage in the repair of the power unit is block boring and crankshaft... It is worth noting that the KamAZ crankshaft is a sufficiently strong part, so that grooving of the necks is not always required. But with the block, as practice shows, the situation is much worse. In any case, the cylinders will have to be bored, but this does not always help. So, if the motor is 20 years old, then, as experts say, there is nothing to sharpen, and the only way out is the block sleeve. Of course, this procedure increases the cost of repairs, but it is cheaper than buying a new cylinder block. Consider the repair dimensions of the parts.
- An integral stage in the restoration of the engine is the repair of all heads, of which KamAZ has eight. So, guide bushings are often changed, which are first unrolled on a lathe. The chamfer is removed and adjusted on the valves, and the seats are cut.
- The next step is polishing the cams. camshaft... This is done on a lathe using a special paste and sandpaper.
- Next comes the stage of repairing the water and oil pump. As practice shows, specialists in engine repair are reluctant to repair these parts, but due to the special high cost they have to in order to retain customers. As mentioned earlier, only certain parts of the products are subject to replacement. So, the impeller, the shaft assembly, the cuff and the bearings are changing.
- Before proceeding with the procedure for laying the crankshaft, it is necessary to carry out the balancing process. A clutch is attached to the crankshaft and rotated, installing special weights. If not hold this procedure, then during operation, the shaft will be unbalanced, which will lead to the breakage of the yokes and connecting rods with liners.
- The final stage can rightfully be considered the assembly. This process is quite long, since it takes almost a whole day. The crankshaft is laid down and the "bandaging" process goes through. This is the procedure for connecting the crankshaft to piston group and installation of liners, both main and connecting rod. Further going oil pump and pump. All small details are collected. The heads of the block are installed last, valve covers, Injection pump and exhaust system.
- After the engine is assembled, it must be run in. This is done only hot. The power supply system and the exhaust system are connected to the power unit, and then it is turned on, adjusting the speed, and the valve mechanism clearances are periodically set.
After the KamAZ power unit is assembled, it is installed on the car and tested on the go.
Output
The KamAZ-740 engine has high technical characteristics, which are known not only in the CIS, but all over the world. So, power units Kama plant in the 80s, trucks of the legendary German company DAF were equipped. It didn't last long, of course, as DAF developed its powertrains to fit these cargo giants better.
The production of 740 motors continues to this day. KAMAZ produces a fairly large number of engines, and in 2018 it is planned to release new motor with marking 740.80-300.
This power unit of the 5th generation with environmental standards Euro 5, which will have new system injection, which, according to the developers, will turn the idea of \u200b\u200bturbodiesels on trucks... The declared power will be in the range of 500 to 800 horsepower.
Repair and maintenance of KamAZ-740 engines is quite simple, and does not require any special skills and abilities of specialists. Unlike Western counterparts, the KamAZ engine has simple design featuresmaking repairs simple, and the absence of sophisticated automated electronics simplifies tasks.
