Plus, for the winter months, numerous commentators and interpreters of automotive, the hell around, so much that they do not discern where rumors, where they are simply speculating, where the truth is.
As a result, many are not clear, for example, which increments can still be installed on cars, which - no. Part of the oil into the fire poured some DPS inspectors, picking waving on the roads to the "surplus" of mounted equipment. Not the last role was played by the recent operations of the traffic police to identify too tinted cars. Like, today they check the transparency of the glasses, tomorrow they will require the removal of kangarins, thresholds, and what will happen the day after tomorrow?
Immediately make a reservation that it is not possible to check the technical condition of the vehicle. Not any traffic police officer, but only the state inspector of technical supervision. The main document for it is the main provisions for the access of vehicles to operation. The parameters for which cars are checked are registered in Guest R 51709-2001 "Motive vehicles. Safety requirements for technical state and test methods. "This is the main law for the car when passing.
I must say, GOST The developers are quite demanding: it prohibits most of the newcomers and devices that did not provide in the design of the vehicle manufacturer. Let's start with the patient himself - with Kangarinov.
Kangaroo and Kangarin
In Russia, a kangaroo on cars do not jump. But...
The front safety arcs, which are designed to protect the radiator grille, headlights and car angles, do not even bet. According to GOST, this device must be provided by the manufacturer in operational documentation. If not, it should be covered with elastic materials. Otherwise, the installation of "kenguryatnik" is not allowed.
Also, GOST does not stipulate separately lateral and rear protection of the car. Therefore, despite all the rigor of this document, when conducting technical inspection of certain strict requirements for the protection of thresholds and rear bumper Not presented.
Immediately alleged: GOST developers already admit that their requirements are somewhat exaggerated. In this regard, the changes made to the standard and entered into force on March 1 are postponed until better times. That is, before the moment they will be revised and correct. The main document for the State Inspectors of Technical Supervision remains "the main provisions for the access of vehicles for operation", as well as the application to them - "the list of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited." Installation of Kingurina, if it is originally provided by the manufacturer of the car, the inspector may well attribute changes to the design of the machine. And maybe not attributed ...
More light?!
The installation of the spotlight headlight or the seeker headlight is permissible if it is provided by the manufacturer of the vehicle. However, manufacturers provided similar accessories only on machines intended for the needs of the operational services and other special equipment. therefore independent installation such light devices are illegal. You will not go through with fashionable "chandeliers" on the roof of your car.
What can I? You can set one additional stop signal over the main, two fog lights front and no more than two fog lamps from behind.
Installation of other headlights, signal lamps and reflectors not provided by the manufacturer are not allowed.
Note that headlight tinting is also prohibited.
What color should be the headlights and turn signals
GOST prescribes: Middle and Far Light must be white colorThe front dimensions are required to shine white, rear - red. The front fog - white or yellow, the rear - red, the headlight of the rear - white, turn signals - yellow. Brake signal - red, backlight registration sign - White.
This editorial office prohibits the operation of American and Japanese production machines, because they have red turn signals. Therefore, a list of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited. And the inspectors of the tech control will operate exactly this list. It now says that operation is prohibited if installed:
l in front - light instruments with lights of any color, except white, yellow or orange, and retroreflective devices of any color, except white;
l Behind - the reverse lanterns and lighting of the state license plate with lights of any color, except white, and other lighting devices with lights of any color, except red, yellow or orange, as well as retroreflective devices of any color, except red.
Such a wording managed to kill two hares: to return the right to move on the roads of cars, whose color gamut devices differ from GOST, and prohibit operation of machines with unnecessary illumination.
But how are your favorite backlight? Inspection You won't pass if on your car light blue, green, or any other, except for the colors approved above, the glass wool springs, if the license plate is not covered with white.
Toning
It is allowed to use tinted glasses (except for mirror), the light transmission of which corresponds to GOST 5727-88. It says that light windshield There must be at least 75 percent, and the light-door light turning is at least 70 percent. The rest of the glass can be calmly toned at least in zero - it will not affect the passage of technical inspection.
Allowed also to install blinds and curtains on rear windows. But if there are outdoor rear-view mirrors on both sides!
Fix on the windshield of various types Pass is not allowed. Of course, everyone is seen with the pass, how well the owner of the car has settled in life, but they limit the visibility from the driver's seat.
attention!
When to pass inspection
The term is indicated in your inspection coupon. Recall that since last year, new cars (from 2006 release) after the first technical inspection, if it is passed in the same year when the car is released, it is necessary to submit to the next inspection after 3 years. Then - after 2 years.
Machines with age up to 7 years are inclusive of the inspection times every two years. Older - every year.
What documents need to take with you
You will need a driver's license, a passport, a certificate of registration of a vehicle, the power of attorney (if the car does not present the owner), medical certificate, policy of OSAGO.
Just in case we recall that the insurance policy is considered valid within a month after the end of its validity period. However, this is not a reason to forget about insurance until the next thing - in a month you can take place a major conversation with the first DPS inspector.
and how are they?
In Europe, "kenguryatniki" is prohibited
The European Commission in 2005 banned the sale in car dealerships of cars with front chippers or so-called "kenguryatnikov" (such devices first began to apply in Australia on heavy trucks to protect against collision with kangaroo).
As the European Commission, "Keangsatniki" presented a greater danger of pedestrians, which, in case of caring on them, they receive severe injuries. These devices for children are especially dangerous, since often the "kenguryatnik" hits them right on the head.
Inspection: Discounts for various categories of citizens
PDD compliance is a vital necessity for each participant. road. To protect yourself and other drivers, you should also pay enough time to maintain your vehicle in proper condition. Any constructive changes in the car can cause a malfunction and entail the creation emergency situation.
The probability of an accident rises in the case of tuning works that can reduce the quality of visibility. In particular, we are talking about tinting light instruments. The penalty for tinting headlights in 2019 is also stipulated.
When relevant headlight tint?
To understand whether headlight tinting is allowed to begin with, it is necessary to determine the expediency of the procedure of this type. Immediately it should be noted that the tinting of light instruments of the vehicle is more likely to tribute fashion than a vital necessity.
The headlight tint color can be harmonized with a common color design of the vehicle. Also possible with the implementation of contrasting colors. Should be as cautious as possible after all, too dense tinting can entail a decrease in brightness of headlights..
Varnish or film?
Toning of the lighting equipment of the vehicle is carried out by using the film or varnish. In the first case, a special vinyl film is used, which also acts as an additional element of the headlight protection from mechanical damage. It protects lighting devices from small stones.
If necessary, this type of tinting can be very easy to remove. And so that the level of light-effect ability does not drop, you can simply toned with the film only a separate section of the headlights. The surface of this type of tint can be matte or glossy.
Important! According to established safety standards, the toning film should absorb no more than 15% of the brightness of the light emission (this applies primarily to the front headlights). With a different scenario, the operation of the vehicle will be prohibited.
The presence of factory tinting on the headlights frees from the need to pay a fine For violation of the rules of operation of the vehicle. Handy tinting of lighting devices with varnish can entail administrative responsibility. This is due to a decrease in the lighting ability of the lighting technology. Toning paint headlights is also fraught with imposition of a fine.
Then toning headlights
The legality of tinting lighting devices determines the Code of the Russian Federation. In this case, a clear interpretation of whether the headlights are prohibited, there is no reference. The blurring of such a concept obliges to consider each case separately. However, subject to the presence of a tonic layer on lighting devices, one should be prepared for the emergence of difficulties during that.
During the inspection to external light instruments, the requirements marked in the Technical Code are put forward. In accordance with the named document, a set of verification activities aimed at studying the reliability of fastening and operating lighting equipment are carried out. There is also an inspection on the fact of the presence of mechanical damage.
The discrepancy to the established requirements may be put forward for various reasons:
- changing the shape of external lighting devices;
- the presence of mechanical damage;
- the presence of pollution;
- lack of light diffusers;
- the presence of additional elements covering part of the lighting devices;
- the inoperability of light-emitting diodes (less than 1/3 of the total).
As for the tinting of the rear lighting devices, the power of the emitted light is not measured in their respect. Therefore, provided If, after applying the film, the color has not changed, then there is no reason in the failure of the passage. Changing the color of the headlamp is very good reason for the vehicle status according to the results of the inspection, it is recognized as not relevant to the established requirements.
An important point is not the fact of obtaining a car to participate in road movement, but the possibility of safe operation. Using tinting for lighting devices can be positioned as amending the initial operational characteristics of the vehicle. And such metamorphoses are fraught with the emergence of an emergency. It is for this reason that before applying the toning layer it is recommended to weigh all the main points and take the most appropriate solution.
Everything according to GOST.
In accordance with the established rules Middle and far light should be exclusively white. As for the overall lights, in the front of the vehicle, they should also glow white, and behind - red. According to GOST, the braking signal is always glowing red, and the backlight of the registration sign is white.
For those who want to tint fog headlights should also take into account the established requirements. The front lighting devices of this type should glow white or yellow. The required light of the velocity, located behind - red. Yellow light Operate turn signals. The headlights of the rear should shine white.
However, if you adhere to such rules, then the operation of the vehicles of American and Japanese origin will not be possible. This is due to the fact that these cars are equipped with red turn signals. As a consequence, the main list of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited has been subject to certain changes.
As a result, cars were allowed to operate, in front of which light, yellow, yellow or orange lights are installed. Reflective devices at the same time must be white light.
Behind it is possible to use red, yellow or orange lighting devices. The reverse lights and the backlight of the license plates must be exceptionally white.
This interpretation allowed in Russia to return to the road cars of Japanese and American origin on the road, as well as prohibit the operation of vehicles with excessive illumination.
Punishment measures
Regarding the penalties for non-compliance with the rules of operation of external lighting instruments of the vehicle, it can be different. Categorical The tinting of the paint is prohibitedSince it reduces the light headlights. At night or subject to poor visibility, this can lead to the creation of an emergency on the road.
Front head tint
Fine for tinting the front headlights of the car It is imposed in accordance with Articles 12.4 p.1, 12.5 p.1 and 12.5 of paragraph 3 of the Code. If we talk about the first case, here we are talking about the installation of light instruments or retroreflective devices of red light. Punishment measure individuals In this case, 3000 rubles will be equivalent. Additionally, confiscation of devices is carried out. Officials responsible for the operation of vehicles are fined for 15,000-20000 rubles. Legal entities Fantasics a fine of 400,000-500,000 rubles.
According to Art. 12.5 p.1, on the driver also a fine of 500 rubles may be imposed. For controlling the car in the presence of faults or non-receipt permission to a total operation due to applying a toning layer on lighting devices with a further decrease in light-effect.
In accordance with all with the same article, but paragraph 3, the driver can even lose the right to control the vehicle for a different period of time. Confiscation time driver's license At the same time varies from six months to twelve months. This measure of punishment is relevant in the case of installation of light instruments or retroreflective devices of red light.
Toning rear headlamps
In the third part of Art. 12.5 COAPs Nothing concrete not referred to a fine for tinting back. For this reason, administrative recovery is appointed in accordance with the first part of the article.
It indicates that the management of the vehicle in the presence of malfunctions or in the case of non-receipt of the car tolerance to the general operation is punishable by a fine in the amount of 500 rubles. This is the maximum amount of money recovery, which threatens the driver in violating the rules for the use of lighting lights of the vehicle, but in practice, for tinting rear headlamps are usually not fined at all.
What is the result?
Tinting lighting equipment on the car can lead to a decrease in the overall light headlights. In the future, this threatens the creation of an emergency on the road. Additionally, it should be noted that the use of tinted stop signals increases the likelihood of an accident. At the same time, the culprit will be recognized by the owner of a vehicle with toned headlights.
In order to avoid such a variant of the development of events, it is recommended to refrain from using tinted headlights or resort to the implementation of such a solution solely as a last resort. Compliance with the established toning rules here is a vital necessity.
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13 Comments
Of course, you judge, according to the story there is at least mutual wines.! At least you won't pay for this German trough! Do not draf and do not turn on the back. The driver of the BMW as also a road participant also had to make sure to check out on cargo part, and the fact that there is no sign, you can still be removed with the service that was supposed to install it and accuse the negligence, naturally with the compensation of damages for your broken car., Let the insurance with them and knock out this money. With his car on ships and insurance, there were almost 9 months, I say that it is not fast - the main thing is to find the norms of the lawyer, we have on sowing. Caucasus in the area of \u200b\u200b25,000 rubles Services are standing, but ate to approach this question competently, it will all pay off.
Hello! Situation: I make the right turn with the right strip in the city on the road with one-sided movement (not breaking, the direction coincides). After the end of the turn, I detect AM BMW, moving into my side against movement. Turn out, but the collisions did not escape. Traffic police: I am guilty, because I made a turn, you will not be convinced of security (for the corner looked at!?). The driver of the BMW is not guilty: leaving the adjacent territory, the sign of one-sided movement is lacking, so I traveled as I called. Outcome: I need to compensate 750T rubles. Behind repair BMW. Question: Is Sticks to sue or am I really guilty? Regards, Alexey.
The combination of lighting devices and signaling devices located outside and inside the car form the lighting system. It performs the following functions:
- lighting of the road fabric, curb and objects located on them in conditions of limited visibility;
- providing information to other participants in the presence on the road of the vehicle, its size, the nature of the movements made by maneuvers, as well as accessories;
- lighting the interior of the car, as well as other parts of its parts (luggage compartment, windscarette, etc.) in the dark.
The car lighting system includes the following main structural elements: front lights, front fog lights, rear lights, rear fog lamp, license plate lighting, indoor lighting devices and control equipment.
(Other names - headlight, block headlight) illuminates the road ahead of the car, and also presents information to other participants in the movement in front of the vehicle. The front headlights are installed in pairs symmetrically with the right and left side of the car. On modern cars, a night vision system can be installed in addition to the front pharmaceans.
The front headlight is usually in a single case, in which the following lights are combined: Middle Light, Far Light, overall fire, turn signs and daytime running lights.
Middle Light The headlights is used to illuminate the road if there are other participants in front of the movement. Middle light asymmetric, with right-sided movement is better illuminated right part Roads and curbs. Far light is used in the absence of other participants in front of the movement. It is a symmetric light beam high intensity. The overall fire is used to indicate the size of the vehicle. The overall fire is also installed in the back lamp.
The rotation pointer can be installed both in the headlamp and outside it in the front of the car. The turn index is used to inform other participants in the way of the intention to make a maneuver (turn, turn, shift the strip of movement). The rotation pointer is also installed in the rear lamp. In addition, with the side of the car is envisaged running pointer repeater. Recently, the repeater of the rotation pointer has become popularly placed in the outer rearview mirror. All rotation pointers must work synchronously.
As a turn signal, a yellow light source operating in flashing mode is used. The frequency of the pointer must be 1-2 blinking per second. The rotation pointer can have two modes of operation: permanent (not yet turned off), one-time (three or five migrants when pressing). The rotation pointer is controlled by the appropriate switch. The switch design involves the automatic shutdown of the signal when the steering wheel is returned to the neutral position.
The rotation pointer works in conjunction with a number of systems active security: Rebuilding assistance, strip movement. The rotation pointers are also used as an emergency stop signal.
In some countries, use is provided daytime running lightswhich are intended to increase the visibility of the vehicle during the daytime. Daytime running lights are automatically or manually controlled low headlights of full or reduced intensity. In some cases, low-light highlights of low-intensity headlights can be used.
Device headlights
Despite the differences in shape, design, color, materials you can select the following general device Headlights: housing, light source, reflector and diffuser.
Housing serves as the basis for placing and fastening the remaining headlight elements. It is performed, as a rule, from plastic. As sources of light Used various Lama: incandescent - tungsten, halogen, gas-discharge - xenon. Extremely popular with automakers are conquered by LED light sources.
Tungsten lamps are cheapest and have low light intensity. Therefore, these lamps are used as a light source of overall lights, turning pointers, a stop signal, rear light, internal lighting devices. Halogen lamps are the most common source of neighbor and far Light Headlights For each of the types of headlighted, one lamp can be used ( for example, H4 with two incandescent threads) or two separate lamps ( for example, H7 with one incandescent thread).
Popular popularity in our country uses xenon lamps that can be used both for neighboring and long-mounted light. LED light sources are used mainly to implement signaling functions: parking lights, stop signal, turn signal, daytime running lights. Legs can be seen as a source of head light.
Reflector In the design of the headlights is responsible for the formation of a beam of light. The simplest reflector has a parabolic shape. Modern reflectors have a more complex shape. The reflector is made from plastics. To create a mirror surface, a thin film of aluminum is applied and varnished.
Diffuser Misses the light stream and, depending on the design, refracts it. Another diffuser function is the protection of the headlights from external influences. The diffuser is made of transparent plastic, less often from glass.
The front fog light is designed to improve the lighting of the roadway and the roadside in conditions of poor visibility: rain, fog, dust, snow. Fog lights are used pairwise, installed as an option, less often. May have white or yellow.
Fog lights provide a wide beam of light with a cut-off top. Front fog lights are used instead of near light or together with it. The effect of the use of headlights is to reduce the inverse glare and, thus, improving visibility at atmospheric precipitation. The presence of the front fog lights is not mandatory, and in some countries they are generally prohibited.
The rear lamp is intended to inform the participants in the movement behind the car. The flashlight combines the following light instruments: rear oven, stop signal, rear rotation pointer, reverse lamp.
Rear lights are installed pairwise symmetrically. The flashlight can be made in the form of a single block or in the form of the associated two blocks installed in the body and the lid of the trunk (fifth door).
Rear overall fire Works together with front overall fire. Structurally can be combined with a stop signal. This uses or separate incandescent lamps (LEDs) or lamps with two threads of different light intensity.
Stop signal It is activated automatically when the driver's brake pedal is pressed. The rear overall fire and the stop signal are red, but the stop signal is brighter. Some cars implemented the so-called. The adaptive stop signal in which the light intensity is depending on the intensity of the braking (the more cheerful, the brighter is lit). Of interest is the function of the emergency stop signal ( Emergency Stop Signal, ESS.), implemented in the form of flash out flashes with emergency pressed brake pedal.
Rear indicator turn Works in conjunction with the front direction indicator. It has yellow. Reversing lamp Provides lighting when the car is moved by reverse. Activated automatically when turned on rear transmission (reverse mode). It is a mandatory lighting device. One or two (symmetrically) of the rear light of the white color is installed.
Rear fog lights Used to prevent rear cars in poor visibility. Constructively can be made in the composition rear light Or separately - below the lantern in the bumper of the car.
One (on the left side of the car) or two (symmetrically) rear fog lamps are installed on the car. The presence of a rear fog lamp is mandatory. It has a large light intensity than rear overall fire.
Control of lighting devices
Control of lighting devices included in the lighting system is carried out by the corresponding switches from the car's interior. On some cars implemented automatic control Separate functions: Middle light, headlight correction, active headlight, adaptive lighting, long-term control.
Lights modern cars It is possible to divide into several main types - the headlights of long-distance and near light, fog and specialized additional headlights.
Additional headlights may be called searchlights, providing a safe high-speed traffic along the night highway, the headlights of the rear and side lighting for comfortable maneuvering in parking lots or off-road in the dark. Features of the light of one or another type of headlight provides the location of the lamp relative to its reflector and the picture on its glass, as well as the placement of the headlights on the vehicle.
Fog pala (eng. - Fog Light or Fog Lamp)
In the rain, fog or thick snow, the usual headlight of the near light reduces the efficiency of the road lighting. The first reaction to the deterioration of visibility is the inclusion of alar light, but at the same time the driver understands that the situation only worsened, this is due to the effect of blinding. It is explained simple, the far light has no restrictions and is not cut in the upper part of the light beam. Light beam, reflected from fog or snowflakes droplets, blinds the driver with reflected light.
With constant external lighting The amount of light falling into the eye per unit of time is proportional to the pupil area. The eye reacts to external illumination, reflexively expanding or narrowing the pupil, and the pupil of the unlit eye reacts, this is called a friendly response to light.
The reaction to light is a useful regulatory mechanism, since under the conditions of bright lighting, the amount of light falling on the retina is reduced. Thus, the light from the headlights illuminating the road becomes poorly distinguish or completely unbearable, this is the effect of blinding.
The fog lamp is specially designed for bad weather conditions and initially provides for its narrow-directional application.
Fog lights have a wide chart of light distribution horizontally and a very narrow ray vertically. The main task of fog headlamps shine as it were for fog, rain or snow, thereby not blinding the driver with reflected light, as it happens when the overall light is turned on.
Requirements for fog lamps: the upper black and white boundary should be as sharp, the angle of scattering in the vertical plane is the smallest, about 5 degrees, and in the horizontal plane the greatest, about 60 degrees, and the maximum of light power should be close to the upper black and white boundary.
We strongly recommend not to install xenon lamps in the headlights of the fog light. Focusing the headlights is disturbed. The xenon lamp has a non-fixed light source, but a rotating high-voltage arc forming a glowing ball. The headlight, counted for a specific type of lamps, does not cope with the new source of light and in the reflector there are multiple mutual reflection and refraction, which causes the blurring of black and white boundaries and ultimately blinding the oncoming and passing drivers. In addition, the fog lights loses the ability to provide visibility and lighting of the road in bad weather conditions.
Also there are rear fog lights. They are because they are called that they are intended for conditions of insufficient visibility for drivers riding behind you. Connect them together with the stop signals, as well as to include clear at night is prohibited. For example, in the "plug" fog lanterns with rather powerful 21W lamps will be if not blind, then annoy traveling behind the drivers. Yes, and stop signals on their background are visible much worse. In other words, the rear fog lanterns included to the place will not help, but will harm!
 Diagram Light distribution |
 So the driver sees Fog in the light of headlights Middle Light |
 The same fog, but without near light with PTF included |
 PT F Module D100 |
Middle Light (English - Dipped Beam or Low Beam)
The headlight of the Middle Light is a light device designed to illuminate the road in front of the vehicle. The lighting parameters of the nearest light headlights are selected so as to provide the visibility of the road forward at 50-60 meters and a safe travel on a relatively narrow road without blinding oncoming drivers.
Modern lighting systems can be divided by type distribution types - to European and American.
The European and American car lighting lighting systems are different both by the structure of the created light beam, and according to the principles of its formation. This is due to both the characteristics of the organization of movement and quality road coat. And the one and other systems have both two and four-way execution.
On the american cars The headlights are installed, and more often the lamp headlights, in which the thread of the heat dissipation is shifted above the horizontal plane. Thanks to this location, the light flux of the near light is shifted towards the right roadside of the road and tilted down. In the formation of rays and near and far light, the entire reflective surface of the headlight reflector is involved.
The European lighting system is designed constructively differently, the thread of incandescent of the near light is shifted up relative to the focus of the reflector, while the thread is obscured from the bottom hemisphere with a special metal screen.
In the formation of near light, only the upper hemisphere of the headlight reflector participates. From the left side, the screen is cut at an angle of 15 degrees, it allows you to get a clear asymmetric beam of near light. The boundary of the illuminated zone is clear, the right side is brightly lit, and the left side of the beam does not blind the oncoming drivers. Middle light lighting range does not exceed 50-60 meters. Modern light light lights, as well as distant, have an execution with transparent glass, and the formation of an asymmetric beam occurs on the surface of a reflector with a pronounced relief. This design allows you to increase the brightness of the luminous flux, as the beam does not harsh on the surface of the corrugated glass headlamp and, as a rule, has the same brightness over the entire plane illuminated. This technology is called Free Form and applies to all modern cars, both in the head and in additional optics.
Far Light (English - Driving Light, Main Beam or Hi Beam)
Far light headlight - a light device designed to illuminate the road in front of the vehicle in the absence of oncoming transport. Far light provides road lighting and curb at a distance of 100-150 meters, creating a bright, flat light beam relative to great power (min. Requirements).
Far light lights can be divided into two categories. These are the regular headlights of the highway part of the vehicle and additional attachments, various shapes and sizes having a variety of light beam characteristics and lamp power.
As a rule, regular headlights of modern cars in favor of design have modest dimensions of the reflector and have the minimum necessary characteristics. For infrequent night trips, light headlights are quite enough. But, if night trips to long distances are needed for you, by setting additional headlights of long-mounted light, you will significantly secure the movement in the dark.
The range of far-beam headlights is so diverse, which allows you to choose mounted headlamps, both on a compact passenger car and on a prepared SUV. Deciding with the size and design of the headlights, it is necessary to choose the main lighting characteristics, namely the shape of the beam and the lights of the headlights.
The high-speed movement on the night highway requires the maximum ray's range of headlights, for a timely response to an obstacle. For such conditions, the headlights with a narrow beam are best suitable, where all the headlights are aimed at achieving the maximum range. The headlights of this type are called a searchlight. The searchlight creates a narrow weakly dissipating concentrated ray and serves to illuminate items at a significant distance of up to 1 kilometer.
If you are more often moving in secondary roads, much more important than the width of the beam, illuminating the side and adjacent territory, because Roadside roads at night tat a lot of surprises. For such conditions, we recommend the headlights of the distant light and the headlights of the long beam with a wide beam. These headlights are not so "long-range" as a searchlight, but their range is quite sufficient for a timely reaction to an obstacle.
We remind you that in order to avoid blinding, the far light should be switched to nearly less than 150 meters to the counter car, as well as at a greater distance if the counter driver periodically switches the light of its headlights. The blinding may also occur through the rearview mirror. A very dangerous unexpected blinding of drivers of countercourses moving behind the fracture of the longitudinal road profile or by turning. In these cases, you need to switch the long-distance light in advance.
Daylight Lights (English - Daytime Running Lights or DRL)
The first who realized the benefits of constantly included headlamps were Scandinavian countries. Until recently, they were maintained in part: somewhere to turn on the headlights only in the city or only in winter. But it seems that these are only semi-dimensions ...
European statistics and numerous studies convincingly confirmed: "Day" light on cars must be legalized. And all countries of the European Union decided to join their northern neighbors - since 2003, the inclied headlights have become as mandatory condition Movement, like a fastened seat belt!
In the twenty districts of Lower Saxony, there was a campaign called "Including Light Day". At dangerous areas of roads installed information shields that call drivers in a bright day of the day turn on the headlights. And although the calls were wearing a recommendation, German pedanthism elevated them into the rank of the law. The results were impressive: the number of victims on the designated tracks was reduced by a quarter!
Lights daylight or day chassis fire, these are headlights on the front motor vehicleemitting bright white light to increase the visibility of the vehicle in day lighting conditions.
Advantages of daylight headlamps:
. Small electricity consumption, which practically does not increase fuel consumption.
. Does not increase wear of ordinary headlights.
. Optimal contrast in a bright sunny day.
From February 2011 cars And light trucks sold in all countries of the European Union must necessarily equip the so-called daylight headlights.
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Lights of work light (eng. - Worklight)
At night, construction, assembly, loading and similar works require specialized light. Since the standard headlights of the near and far light, and even more so the searchlight cannot create the necessary light spot, for these purposes, the special lights of work light are used, designed to illuminate large areas.
Due to certain specifics, the headlights of working light Hella have many models differing in terms of security, the number of lamps and light distribution.
An important moment is that all modern headlights Hella's work light is built according to modern FF technology (FF - abbreviation from English Free-Form is a free form or free surface). The calculation of the surface of the reflector is made on the computer, the result is the optimal fit of the surface of the reflector to the lamp with increased light output.
Certain parts of the reflector, calculated point per point, are responsible for illumination of a certain part of the road. FF reflector formed by the reflector is distributed more than that of the classical parabolic reflector and creates a uniformly flooded section of the road with soft transitions and without sharp contrasts. For example, in most headlights, the intensity of the light beam has a smooth transition from the maximum brightness at the top of the optical element with a smooth decrease to the bottom. This effect is created by ff reflector for uniform lighting. The beam falling onto the plane of the roadbed, creates a uniform fill with the same spot brightness throughout its length.
Hellla Work Light Headlights have several types of distribution:
Long Range. - Most headlights with such an index have transparent glass, without a picture, the headlights of this type form a light spot at some distance from the light source, and the gap between the headlamp and the light spot remains minimally lit with a clear black and white boundary. Such light distribution relieves unwanted lighting constructive elements vehicle (hood, bucket or dump). As a rule, halogen headlights of work light have such properties, headlights with gas-discharge lamp (xenon) and the Long Range Light distribution index form a small-scale luminous corridor, but an impressive range of up to 140 meters.
Close Range. - A wide, floating beam of this headlight illuminates not only a large area, but also vertical obstacles. Light stain is formed in close proximity to the light source. There is a feeling that the light "peers" over the angle. To increase the brightness of the stains, we recommend wrote out the headlights with two lamps of 55W 12V or 70W 24V or from the headlights with a gas-discharge lamp (xenon).
Ground Illumination - Specialized headlamp for lighting land with a very wide and bright beam, superior headlights Close Range. In the upper part of the light beam, the headlight has a clear black and green border, which does not lead to a blinding of a third-party observer.
Ground Illumination is ideal for cases when it is necessary to focus on the large area. Headlamp comes with H9 65W halogen lamps and gas-discharge (xenon).
Reversing Light - There is another type of turning of Reversing Light having an indirect relationship to the Famos of work light, the only thing that unites them is the level of headlights and the same enclosures. REVERSING LIGHT is a specialized light for the movement by reverse, the headlight forms a wide flat beam "Fan" and requires a minimum mounting height. In this case, the light from the headlight is smeared on the plane, creating maximum Square Lighting and not blinding drivers moving behind you.
It is meaningless to use working light as headlights:
- Middle Lights.
- Far light headlights.
- The headlight of fog light.
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Fog shine |
Work light |
Lighting engineering on the machine is the basis of security and convenience on the roads. This is the same integral part of the vehicle as the wheels and the steering wheel. At the same time, species and configurations of light technology on the car there are quite a lot. In this article we will look at the main types of front headlights and their purpose.
According to the direct functionality, the front headlights of the car can be divided into separate classes:
- Overall lights - designed to designate vehicle dimensions, stand in front and rear.
- Middle Lights are the main headlights designed to illuminate the road immediately in front of the machine, they shine brightly, but only to a limited small distance, about 40-50 meters.
- Far light - headlights, lightening for a long distance, by 200-300 meters. They provide a comfortable light path even at very high speed.
- Fog lights - additional headlights for deteriorated weather conditions (blizzard, fog and other). With simultaneous use with the near light of the fog lightly blind other participants in the movement.
- Running lights work in the day for additional designation of the machine. For the first time, the application in the countries of Scandinavia and the British islands was obtained, where sometimes the lighting light is insufficient for complete safety.
- Special front lighting devices, such as rally headlights, light searchors, spotlights, and so on.
Device headlights
The device of the car headlight is approximately one for all modifications. The glow is created at the expense of three headlight segments.
Light source
The lamp radiation is not directed straight as the lantern, in fact, it is rather shining in all directions, directing the particles of light to the next segment.
Reflector
It can be of different shapes, often this is a relatively correct cone, but there may be a lot of variations depending on the configuration of the headlight and the design of the front of the machine as a whole. It is usually glass or plastic with a small aluminum spraying. As it is quite clear from the inner form of the word - its main task is to reflect, the whole light that falls on it. In this reflection, it increases. Special proofreaders in turn limit the light zone, directing the beam of light. In terms of reflection of light, three main subtypes can also be distinguished:
Diffuser
This is the outer part of the headlight, also from glass or special material. Have you seen huge white sheets on a tripod in the photo or films? Assignment of the car diffuser is similar. His tasks - to protect the headlight from external influence, as well as disperse and direct its light. Let's say fog lights shine rather not right forward, but as it were, "under the feet", down - forward. For these functions, the diffuser shape can be different. Somewhat different method of work at LED and matrix heads, We will consider this specificity a little later when we talk about LEDs separately.
This is the functional distribution of headlights, the same for any vehicle. You can split them on the principle of the device. Scientific progress does not stand still, technologists and designers are set by one important issue: how to ensure maximum safety and range of lighting, while leveling a blinding factor. It is also important fundamentally reliability of headlights, strength, a long-term resource of use, environmental friendliness, do not forget about the design.
Types of lamps
The lights by the method of the lamp can be highlighted in four types:
- Incandescent lamps
- Halogen
- Xenon
- LED
Incandescent lamp
The simplest, the same as ordinary light bulbs. Its work is provided by tungsten thread placed in an airless glass flask. When the voltage is submitted, the tungsten thread is heated, which generates light. Such lamps are not very reliable, they are morally outdated: tungsten constantly evaporates with the thread. It is sophisticated, which results in a rupture. Also, such devices are easily darkened and very susceptible to voltage drops. They are still widely used in everyday life, but gradually go out of use due to multiple deficiencies. On the vehicles No longer used.
Halogen lamps
Also often used in everyday life. The mechanism of its work is about the same - incandescing the tungsten thread, but due to the fact that the pairs of halogen (iodine or bromine) are injected inside the flasks, which interact with tungsten atoms and do not give the last to settle, they move around the threads on the spiral, periodically again It sticks.
The life of such lamps is many times longer than conventional incandescent lamps. These lamps have long resource operation, here much depends on the quality and, accordingly, the cost. Good halogen lamps can work for several years of permanent operation. In technical documentation, a small service life is usually prescribed, about a thousand hours of continuous operation and further, in fact, high quality halogen lamp It can serve two or three times longer than the service life assumes. Important here is also the complete serviceability of wiring in the car. Mallings with electronics or battery affect headlight durations.
Xenon lamps (gas discharge)
Also common in automotive industry. The first here were, as always, the Germans - they put xenon headlights at the BMW seventh series in 1994. Such a device works due to the heating of the xenon gas - noble gas, while heating the highlighting of the light. Such lamps are much more powerful than gas-discharge. Let's say, with a power of 35 W, a xenon lamp gives rise to a light stream of 3000-3200 lm, which is a third more than a halogen lamp is capable of multiplying with greater power.
Xenon lamps save electricity, give a lot of light and serve for a long time (service life xenon headlight It will be about two thousand hours, about two or three times more than your halogen analog.), But it is expensive. In such a device, in addition to the simple three aggregates, which we have already spoken, there are also special xenon heaters consisting of the ignition unit and electronic temperature control system and power. These mechanisms increase the price of the headlight several times.
LEDs
The basis of the LED lamp is a semiconductor crystal that converts electricity Light. First, such devices appeared in the industrial sphere, but now they are widely integrated into life. In the automotive industry, the LEDs began to be used for side lighting - stop signals, dashboard illumination, lighting in the cabin, and so on. 
It was believed that lED bulbs Not enough bright for installation in headlights. Now they shine very brightly due to the fact that they are installed with the whole cell segments inside the headlights. One LED highlights less light than the xenon lamp, but they set together they completely cover the amount of lighting needed for safety. The LED itself is a self-sufficient light source. On some models, the LED headlight consists of two or three dozen separate diodes. Each of them has a lens, crystal, anode and cathode, providing constantly voltage. The brave or malfunction of one diode is usually not dragging the breakdown of the rest.
Laser
The newest technology that is actively developing is laser headlights. For the first time such headlights applied on futuristic bMW car i8. The headlight technology is quite simple - the laser shines on the lens with phosphorus, which in turn begins to radiate the bright light, and the reflector directs this light on the road.
They exceed the LED lighting lights and energy consumption, and the service life is comparable. The significant disadvantage of these headlights is their cost, they are the most expensive phrams of modernity, at least 10 thousand euros, for this amount you can buy a new budget car.
Modern development
The moment of the device of the LED headlight is brought to the technological absolute in the matrix headla. In it, the driver can change and adjust to itself and the needs of the road situation a separate diode. Such matrix LEDs can individually adjust any, even a complex setting with visibility.
Head lamps on LEDs appeared ten years ago. LED headlights on cars are becoming increasingly popular due to the fact that they have practically no shortcomings. They consume a meager amount of electricity, their resource may exceed the service life of other headlights, subject to temperature mode The operating resource of such a lamp will be from five thousand hours or more. The only but tangible minus is high cost. On modern automotive market Headlights in general - the pleasure is not from cheap and approaching the cost laser heads - For the price of the LED headlamp, sometimes you can buy a whole car, let it and used. On the other hand, such a lamp with properly operation It can serve for many years and have never been reminded of himself that in the end it can pour into solid savings.
Initially, the LED headlights were put on a premium car, some Cadillac models, Audi. Now, some manufacturers make headlights on LEDs that can be put in place of xenon headlamps, so LED lighting can now be put on the brand, originally not calculated on it. In general, the opinion of motorists converges in the fact that LED headlights, one way or another, will capture the market.
The problem with the lack of light is solved due to technological innovations, and the price will gradually decrease under the on-on-define demand and reduce prices for materials. Perhaps in the near future most of the car will be equipped with lED headlights. But for now, on objective reasons, the headlights of xenon and halogen remained on the objective reasons.
AUTOLEEK.
